Department of Politics
department-of-politics
Dufour
Caroline
cdufour
false
yes
Caroline Dufour
department-of-politics
Associate Professor
Office: c/o 672 ROSS SOUTH
Email: cdufour@yorku.ca
Professor Dufour (BA, MA Laval, PhD Montréal) has published works in the areas of public administration education and administrative history. She teaches in the fields of public administration and policy analysis.
More...
Caroline Dufour is an Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and is appointed to the graduate Public Policy, Administration and Law Program. She earned her Ph.D. at the Université de Montréal. Her research interests include public administration education, administrative history, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields, the visual dimension of public administration, and the relationship between public administration and the media. She teaches in the fields of public administration and policy analysis.
Degrees
PhD Political Science, Université de MontréalMA Political Science, Université Laval
BA Political Science, Université Laval
Professional Leadership
Graduate coordinator (Canadian field), Department of Politics, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, since September 2017.
Representative, Ontario Universities’ Fair, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, September 25th, 2015.
Research coordinator, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, September 2015 to June 2016.
Member, Tenure and Promotion committee, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, January 2015 to June 2017.
Chair, Teaching Awards Committee, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, January to December 2015.
Research Interests
Politics and Government
, Public administration , History of public administration, Visual analysis of public administration,
Administrative reform, Theory of fields
Current Research Projects
cdufour
The history of food safety administration in Canada
See more
Start Date:
End Date:
Collaborator Institution: "History of Public Administration Group" of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences
- Month: May Year: 2012
End Date:
- Month: Mar Year: 2014
Collaborator Institution: "History of Public Administration Group" of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences
The influence of central budget agencies on the development of public administration: the case of Canada
See more
Role:
Researcher
Start Date:
End Date:
Start Date:
- Month: Mar Year: 2010
End Date:
- Month: Jul Year: 2011
The history of budgeting at York University
See more
Role:
Co-Researcher
Start Date:
Collaborator: Ken Ogata and Gary Spraakman
Collaborator Institution: School of administrative study
Collaborator Role: Main researcher and co-researcher
Start Date:
- Month: Sep Year: 2009
Collaborator: Ken Ogata and Gary Spraakman
Collaborator Institution: School of administrative study
Collaborator Role: Main researcher and co-researcher
The Style of Expenditure Budget of the Ministry of Finance of Ontario, 1961-1985
See more
Role:
Main researcher
Start Date:
End Date:
Start Date:
- Month: May Year: 2006
End Date:
- Month: Aug Year: 2007
The Agenda-Setting Process of Administrative Reform Policy in Ontario and Québec.
See more
Role:
Main researcher
Start Date:
End Date:
Start Date:
- Month: May Year: 2003
End Date:
- Month: Sep Year: 2003
Books
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. 2018. Test bank. Don Mills: Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780199026173). Ancillary material for Dunn, C. (Ed.). 2018. Handbook of Canadian Public Administration, 3rd edition. Don Mills: Oxford University Press
2018
Dufour, Caroline. L’institutionnalisation du Management Public au Québec. Coll. Éducation supérieure, Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2011.
2011
Book Chapters
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Central Budget Agencies and Administrative Reform: The Case of Canada,” in S. Tiihonen (ed.), The Role of Central Budget Agencies in Governance and Public Administration Reforms. Cahier histoire de l’administration no 11, IOS Press, 2014.
2014
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour. “Is the New Public Management a Paradigm? Does it Matter?,” in Andrew Massey (ed.), Public Sector Reform. Volume II: Management and Post New Public Management: Reform in a time of change. London, Sage, July 2013. Reprint of the article with the same title mentioned below.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “L’École nationale d’administration publique du Québec: entre l’État et l’Université,” in Y. Gingras and L. Roy (eds.), Les universités nouvelles. Enjeux et perspectives. Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2012, pp. 254-275.
2012
Dufour, Caroline. “Innovation and Resistance: Crafting the Expenditure Budget, 1961-1985,” in P. A. Dutil (ed.), The Guardian: Perspectives on the Ministry of Finance of Ontario. Toronto, University of Toronto Press and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 2011, pp. 229-256.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “From Administration to Management: Forty Years of Public Sector Education in Quebec,” in O.P. Dwivedi, T. A. Mau and B. Sheldrick, eds. The Evolving Physiology of Government: Canadian Public Administration in Transition, University of Ottawa Press, 2009.
2009
Book Reviews
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Recension du livre de Caroline Vayrou. 1995. Le “management public”: discours et fonctions. Paris: Librairie de droit et de jurisprudence.” Canadian Public Administration 42, 1, 1999, 136-139.
1999
Journal Articles
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Administrative History and the Theory of Fields. Towards a Social and Political History of Public Administration.” Administory 1, 2016, 124-137.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “University matters: Early institutional development of public administration education in Québec.” International Journal of Public Administration 35, 13, 2012, pp. 914-923.
2012
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour. “Is the New Public Management a Paradigm? Does it Matter?,” International Review of Administrative Sciences 66, 4, 2000, 573-598. Also published in French and Arabic (original version published in English).
2000
Professional Journal Articles
Publication
Year
Routhier, Yannick, in coll. with Richard Dominique et Caroline Dufour. 1997. “Partenariat et administration publique,” Vision Science 4, 2, 1999, 1-2.
1997
Conference Papers
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “The Discourse of Print News Media Photographs on Public Administration: The Canadian Case,” Visuality, Materiality,… Multimodality: Novel (Methodological) Approaches to The Study of Meaning, Organizations and Institutions, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2016.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “Beaucoup de bruit pour rien. Une histoire de l’émergence de la formation et du perfectionnement des administrateurs de la fonction publique fédérale canadienne,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, May 2015.
2015
Dufour, Caroline. “The Training of Senior Public Servants in the Canadian Public Service, 1867-2010,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Ionian University, Corfu, Greece, May 2014.
2014
Dufour, Caroline. “The History of Food Safety Administration in Canada, 1867-2010,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France, May 2013.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “The Administration of Food Safety in Canada: A Historical Perspective,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Woodrow Wilson Centre, Washington DC, United States, April 2012.
2012
Dufour, Caroline. “The Canadian Central Budget Agencies and their Impact on the Development of Public Administration II,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy, May 2011.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “The Canadian Central Budget Agencies and their Impact on the Development of Public Administration,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Johannes Kepler Universität, Linz, Austria, June 2010.
2010
Dufour, Caroline. “The Style of the Expenditure Budget of the Ontario Public Administration (1961-1985): A Path-Dependent Model?” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 2008.
2008
Dufour, Caroline. “The agenda-setting process of administrative reform policy in Ontario and Québec”. Institute of Public Administration of Canada Annual Conference, Vancouver, 2004.
2004
Dufour, Caroline. “Émergence et institutionnalisation du Management Public au Québec”. Colloque étudiant du Centre interuniversitaire de recherches sur la science et la technologie, Montréal, 2001.
2001
Dufour, Caroline. “Emergence and Institutionalization of Public Management as a Discipline. The Case of Quebec,” Annual International Conference on Advances in Management, Colorado Springs, 2000.
2000
Dufour, Caroline. “Le Management Public est-il un paradigme ?,” Colloque étudiant du Centre interuniversitaire de recherches sur la science et la technologie, Montréal, 2000.
2000
Dufour, Caroline. “Émergence, institutionnalisation et identité du Management Public au Québec,” Annual Meeting, ACFAS, Ottawa, 1999.
1999
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour, “Is Public Management a Paradigm?,” Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, 1998.
1998
Policy Papers
Publication
Year
Routhier, Yannick, en coll. avec Richard Dominique et Caroline Dufour. Partenariat et administration publique. Québec: Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Faune, 1995, 111 p.
1995
Public Lectures
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “From the Great Darkness to the Quiet Revolution. Nationalism and Administrative Institutions in Québec in the 1960s.” presentation given at the , Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, in Pr. C. Bon’s doctoral seminar “Istituzioni e Politiche,” October 2016.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “The Potential of the Theory of Fields to Study of Administrative Culture in Public Administration,” Annual joint research meeting of the Public Management and Governance, Urban Management and Governance, and Organization Studies research institutes of the Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria, July 2014.
2014
Dufour, Caroline. “Canadian Public Administration. An Example of the Anglo-American Tradition.” Presentation given at the Department of Management/Institute of Public Management and Governance, in Pr. S. Leixnering’s course “Public Management I,” Vienna, Austria, October 2013.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “Crafting Expenditure Budgets in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s,” Symposium The Guardian: Perspectives on the Ministry of Finance of Ontario, Toronto, Canada, October 2011.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “La contribution de James Iain Gow à l’Administration Publique”, Atelier en hommage à James Iain Gow, Institute of public administration of Canada annual conference, Québec City, 2008.
2008
Dufour, Caroline. “From Administration to Management. Forty Years of Public Sector Education in Québec.” Canadian Public Administration in Transition. From Administration to Management to Governance. A Conference in Honours of Professor J. Hodgetts, Guelph, 2007.
2007
Dufour, Caroline, “Le Management Public au Québec. Quelques considerations sur l'emergence et l'institutionnalisation des sciences sociales appliquees”. Conférence des études supérieures, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie, 1999.
1999
Conferences
Publication
Year
Rapporteure, “The history of the relationship between public administration and the media,” IIAS Annual meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Speyer, Germany, 2018.
2018
Chair, “New Forms of Partnerships,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 2008.
2008
Discussant, “Models of Citizen Engagement,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, 2006.
2006
Chair and discussant, “Transforming the Provincial State,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, 2004.
2004
Forthcoming
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Central Budget Agencies and Administrative Reform: The Case of Canada,” in S. Tiihonen (Ed.), The Role of Central Budget Agencies in Governance and Public Administration Reforms. Cahier histoire de l’administration, no 11, Amsterdam, IOS Press.
Dufour, Caroline. “The History of Food Safety Administration in Canada,” in F. Rugge (Ed.), The History of Food Safety. A Comparative Perspective. Cahier histoire de l’administration, no 12, Amsterdam, IOS Press.
Other
Publication
Year
Editorial positions
Founding member and member of the advisory board, Administory, since April 2015
Editor for French language content, Canadian Review of Social Policy, fall 2006 to fall 2008
Reviewing activities
Journals
International Review of Administrative Sciences, July 2018, June 2018, April 2018, May 2017, October 2015
Journal of Croatian and Comparative Public Administration, Feb. 2013, October 2011
International Journal of Public Administration, July 2011
Canadian Journal of Political Science, April 2008
Canadian Public Administration, October 1998
Professor Dufour (BA, MA Laval, PhD Montréal) has published works in the areas of public administration education and administrative history. She teaches in the fields of public administration and policy analysis.
Caroline Dufour is an Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and is appointed to the graduate Public Policy, Administration and Law Program. She earned her Ph.D. at the Université de Montréal. Her research interests include public administration education, administrative history, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields, the visual dimension of public administration, and the relationship between public administration and the media. She teaches in the fields of public administration and policy analysis.
Degrees
PhD Political Science, Université de MontréalMA Political Science, Université Laval
BA Political Science, Université Laval
Professional Leadership
Graduate coordinator (Canadian field), Department of Politics, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, since September 2017.
Representative, Ontario Universities’ Fair, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, September 25th, 2015.
Research coordinator, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, September 2015 to June 2016.
Member, Tenure and Promotion committee, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, January 2015 to June 2017.
Chair, Teaching Awards Committee, School of Public Policy and Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, January to December 2015.
Research Interests
Politics and Government
, Public administration , History of public administration, Visual analysis of public administration,
Administrative reform, Theory of fields
Current Research Projects
cdufour
The history of food safety administration in Canada
-
Project Type:
Self-Funded
Start Date:
- Month: May Year: 2012
End Date:
- Month: Mar Year: 2014
Collaborator Institution: "History of Public Administration Group" of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences
The influence of central budget agencies on the development of public administration: the case of Canada
-
Project Type:
Self-Funded
Role: Researcher
Start Date:
- Month: Mar Year: 2010
End Date:
- Month: Jul Year: 2011
The history of budgeting at York University
-
Project Type:
Funded
Role: Co-Researcher
Start Date:
- Month: Sep Year: 2009
Collaborator: Ken Ogata and Gary Spraakman
Collaborator Institution: School of administrative study
Collaborator Role: Main researcher and co-researcher
The Style of Expenditure Budget of the Ministry of Finance of Ontario, 1961-1985
-
Project Type:
Funded
Role: Main researcher
Start Date:
- Month: May Year: 2006
End Date:
- Month: Aug Year: 2007
The Agenda-Setting Process of Administrative Reform Policy in Ontario and Québec.
-
Project Type:
Funded
Role: Main researcher
Start Date:
- Month: May Year: 2003
End Date:
- Month: Sep Year: 2003
All Publications
Book Chapters
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Central Budget Agencies and Administrative Reform: The Case of Canada,” in S. Tiihonen (ed.), The Role of Central Budget Agencies in Governance and Public Administration Reforms. Cahier histoire de l’administration no 11, IOS Press, 2014.
2014
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour. “Is the New Public Management a Paradigm? Does it Matter?,” in Andrew Massey (ed.), Public Sector Reform. Volume II: Management and Post New Public Management: Reform in a time of change. London, Sage, July 2013. Reprint of the article with the same title mentioned below.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “L’École nationale d’administration publique du Québec: entre l’État et l’Université,” in Y. Gingras and L. Roy (eds.), Les universités nouvelles. Enjeux et perspectives. Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2012, pp. 254-275.
2012
Dufour, Caroline. “Innovation and Resistance: Crafting the Expenditure Budget, 1961-1985,” in P. A. Dutil (ed.), The Guardian: Perspectives on the Ministry of Finance of Ontario. Toronto, University of Toronto Press and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 2011, pp. 229-256.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “From Administration to Management: Forty Years of Public Sector Education in Quebec,” in O.P. Dwivedi, T. A. Mau and B. Sheldrick, eds. The Evolving Physiology of Government: Canadian Public Administration in Transition, University of Ottawa Press, 2009.
2009
Book Reviews
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Recension du livre de Caroline Vayrou. 1995. Le “management public”: discours et fonctions. Paris: Librairie de droit et de jurisprudence.” Canadian Public Administration 42, 1, 1999, 136-139.
1999
Books
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. 2018. Test bank. Don Mills: Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780199026173). Ancillary material for Dunn, C. (Ed.). 2018. Handbook of Canadian Public Administration, 3rd edition. Don Mills: Oxford University Press
2018
Dufour, Caroline. L’institutionnalisation du Management Public au Québec. Coll. Éducation supérieure, Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2011.
2011
Journal Articles
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Administrative History and the Theory of Fields. Towards a Social and Political History of Public Administration.” Administory 1, 2016, 124-137.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “University matters: Early institutional development of public administration education in Québec.” International Journal of Public Administration 35, 13, 2012, pp. 914-923.
2012
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour. “Is the New Public Management a Paradigm? Does it Matter?,” International Review of Administrative Sciences 66, 4, 2000, 573-598. Also published in French and Arabic (original version published in English).
2000
Professional Journal Articles
Publication
Year
Routhier, Yannick, in coll. with Richard Dominique et Caroline Dufour. 1997. “Partenariat et administration publique,” Vision Science 4, 2, 1999, 1-2.
1997
Conference Papers
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “The Discourse of Print News Media Photographs on Public Administration: The Canadian Case,” Visuality, Materiality,… Multimodality: Novel (Methodological) Approaches to The Study of Meaning, Organizations and Institutions, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2016.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “Beaucoup de bruit pour rien. Une histoire de l’émergence de la formation et du perfectionnement des administrateurs de la fonction publique fédérale canadienne,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, May 2015.
2015
Dufour, Caroline. “The Training of Senior Public Servants in the Canadian Public Service, 1867-2010,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Ionian University, Corfu, Greece, May 2014.
2014
Dufour, Caroline. “The History of Food Safety Administration in Canada, 1867-2010,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France, May 2013.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “The Administration of Food Safety in Canada: A Historical Perspective,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Woodrow Wilson Centre, Washington DC, United States, April 2012.
2012
Dufour, Caroline. “The Canadian Central Budget Agencies and their Impact on the Development of Public Administration II,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy, May 2011.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “The Canadian Central Budget Agencies and their Impact on the Development of Public Administration,” IIAS Annual Meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Johannes Kepler Universität, Linz, Austria, June 2010.
2010
Dufour, Caroline. “The Style of the Expenditure Budget of the Ontario Public Administration (1961-1985): A Path-Dependent Model?” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 2008.
2008
Dufour, Caroline. “The agenda-setting process of administrative reform policy in Ontario and Québec”. Institute of Public Administration of Canada Annual Conference, Vancouver, 2004.
2004
Dufour, Caroline. “Émergence et institutionnalisation du Management Public au Québec”. Colloque étudiant du Centre interuniversitaire de recherches sur la science et la technologie, Montréal, 2001.
2001
Dufour, Caroline. “Emergence and Institutionalization of Public Management as a Discipline. The Case of Quebec,” Annual International Conference on Advances in Management, Colorado Springs, 2000.
2000
Dufour, Caroline. “Le Management Public est-il un paradigme ?,” Colloque étudiant du Centre interuniversitaire de recherches sur la science et la technologie, Montréal, 2000.
2000
Dufour, Caroline. “Émergence, institutionnalisation et identité du Management Public au Québec,” Annual Meeting, ACFAS, Ottawa, 1999.
1999
Gow, James Iain, and Caroline Dufour, “Is Public Management a Paradigm?,” Annual Meeting, Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, 1998.
1998
Policy Papers
Publication
Year
Routhier, Yannick, en coll. avec Richard Dominique et Caroline Dufour. Partenariat et administration publique. Québec: Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Faune, 1995, 111 p.
1995
Public Lectures
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “From the Great Darkness to the Quiet Revolution. Nationalism and Administrative Institutions in Québec in the 1960s.” presentation given at the , Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, in Pr. C. Bon’s doctoral seminar “Istituzioni e Politiche,” October 2016.
2016
Dufour, Caroline. “The Potential of the Theory of Fields to Study of Administrative Culture in Public Administration,” Annual joint research meeting of the Public Management and Governance, Urban Management and Governance, and Organization Studies research institutes of the Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria, July 2014.
2014
Dufour, Caroline. “Canadian Public Administration. An Example of the Anglo-American Tradition.” Presentation given at the Department of Management/Institute of Public Management and Governance, in Pr. S. Leixnering’s course “Public Management I,” Vienna, Austria, October 2013.
2013
Dufour, Caroline. “Crafting Expenditure Budgets in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s,” Symposium The Guardian: Perspectives on the Ministry of Finance of Ontario, Toronto, Canada, October 2011.
2011
Dufour, Caroline. “La contribution de James Iain Gow à l’Administration Publique”, Atelier en hommage à James Iain Gow, Institute of public administration of Canada annual conference, Québec City, 2008.
2008
Dufour, Caroline. “From Administration to Management. Forty Years of Public Sector Education in Québec.” Canadian Public Administration in Transition. From Administration to Management to Governance. A Conference in Honours of Professor J. Hodgetts, Guelph, 2007.
2007
Dufour, Caroline, “Le Management Public au Québec. Quelques considerations sur l'emergence et l'institutionnalisation des sciences sociales appliquees”. Conférence des études supérieures, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie, 1999.
1999
Conferences
Publication
Year
Rapporteure, “The history of the relationship between public administration and the media,” IIAS Annual meeting, “History of Public Administration,” Speyer, Germany, 2018.
2018
Chair, “New Forms of Partnerships,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 2008.
2008
Discussant, “Models of Citizen Engagement,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, 2006.
2006
Chair and discussant, “Transforming the Provincial State,” Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, 2004.
2004
Forthcoming
Publication
Year
Dufour, Caroline. “Central Budget Agencies and Administrative Reform: The Case of Canada,” in S. Tiihonen (Ed.), The Role of Central Budget Agencies in Governance and Public Administration Reforms. Cahier histoire de l’administration, no 11, Amsterdam, IOS Press.
Dufour, Caroline. “The History of Food Safety Administration in Canada,” in F. Rugge (Ed.), The History of Food Safety. A Comparative Perspective. Cahier histoire de l’administration, no 12, Amsterdam, IOS Press.
Other
Publication
Year
Editorial positions
Founding member and member of the advisory board, Administory, since April 2015
Editor for French language content, Canadian Review of Social Policy, fall 2006 to fall 2008
Reviewing activities
Journals
International Review of Administrative Sciences, July 2018, June 2018, April 2018, May 2017, October 2015
Journal of Croatian and Comparative Public Administration, Feb. 2013, October 2011
International Journal of Public Administration, July 2011
Canadian Journal of Political Science, April 2008
Canadian Public Administration, October 1998
