Karen Bridget Murray
Associate Professor
Office: Ross Building, S605
Phone: (416) 736-2100
Email: murrayk@yorku.ca
Accepting New Graduate Students
I am the daughter of an Irish immigrant and the granddaughter of Volga German immigrants. I live and work on the territories of many Indigenous Nations at Tkaronto: the Wendat, the Anishinabek Nation, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Mississauga of the Credit First Nation, and the Métis. This territory is subject to the Dish With One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant, an agreement to peaceably share and care for the Great Lakes region. For most of my life I was unaware that my early years in were spent as a visitor on the respective traditional territories of the Lkwungen, WSÁNEĆ, and Wyomilth Peoples. Later, I lived on the traditional and unceded territories of the Coast Salish Peoples, namely the shared traditional territories of the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw (Squamish), Tsleil-Waututh, and xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam) and Kwikwetlem First Nations, and then on the traditional unceded territories of the Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqiyik Peoples covered by Treaties of Peace and Friendship.
My work documents, evaluates, and theorizes changing governmental norms and forms with a prominent focus on local governance spaces and the regulation of families and children, including with respect to the residential school system. One of the central foci of my research is to render visible how hierarchical power relations are produced through intersecting governmental processes of classifying and acting upon certain populations and places. In recent years, the colonial present has become more prominent in my research in tandem with
I am presently working on three separate lines of inquiry. The first is a transnational study of post-industrial urban governance in Boston, Dublin and Vancouver. The second is an examination of politics and epigenetics in relation to the category of "vulnerable populations" in the colonial present, including with respect to questions of territorial jurisdiction. The third concerns teaching and learning in political science, including a focus on experiential education and decolonizing pedagogies and practices. Selected publications addressing major themes in my work can be found in BC Studies, Canadian Historical Review, Urban Geography, Canadian Journal of Political Science, and the Canadian Journal of Sociology.
My work has been supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, as well as Fulbright Canada (2013), the Killam Visiting Professorship in Canadian Studies (Bridgewater State University, spring 2016), and the McGill University Eakin Visiting Fellowship in Canadian Studies (fall 2016).
Degrees
PhD, University of British ColumbiaMA, University of Toronto
BA, University of Toronto
Appointments
Faculty of Graduate StudiesProfessional Leadership
Chair, Department of Politics, 2020-2023
Undergraduate Program Director, Department of Politics, 2019-2020
Democratic Administration Diploma Coordinator, 2016-2019
Research Interests
- Killam Visiting Professorship in Canadian Studies, Bridgewater State University, Massachusetts - 2016
- Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian Studies at Kennesaw State University, Greater Atlanta - 2013
- Eakin Visiting Fellowship in Canadian Studies, McGill University - 2016 (Fall Term)
- Visiting Scholar, Centre for Criminology, University of Toronto - 2009
- York University Research Leader - 2015 and 2018
Robert Latham, Karen Bridget Murray, Julian von Bargen and A. T. Kingsmith, editors. 2018. The Radical Left and Social Transformation: Strategies of Augmentation and Reorganization. Routledge. Reprint of Special Edition on Augmenting the Left, Global Discourse, 2018, 8(2).
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Governing ‘unwed mothers’ in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century. In Regulating Sexuality in Early Twentieth Century: The Moral, The Normal, and the Deviant Sexuality in the Early 20th Century: The Canadian Historical Modules Project , Cynthia Comacchio, ed., http://www.visions.nelson.com/module/9780176584429_Module_47.pdf. Invited reprint of article first published in The Canadian Historical Review. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2012) . The silence of urban aboriginal policy in New Brunswick. In Urban Aboriginal Policy Making in the Municipalities (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press). See the open access penultimate version at The Relational Poverty Network: http://depts.washington.edu/relpov/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Murray_2015_pre-print.pdf. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2008) .The patterning of political representation in Halifax. In Caroline Andrew, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley, eds. Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities and Women . Vancouver: UBC Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2007) . Governmentality and the shifting winds of policy studies. In M. Smith and M. Orsini, eds. Critical Public Policy: Canadian Perspectives. pp. 161-184. Vancouver: UBC Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2007) . From Africville to globalville: race, poverty, and urban governance in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In James Jennigs, ed. Race, Neighbourhoods, and the Misuse of Social Capital. pp. 133-143. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . The realignment of government in the provinces. In Christopher Dunn, ed. Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, 2nd ed. Scarborough: Broadview Press, with student research assistance from Victoria Miernicki. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (1994) . A reconnaissance of Canadian administrative reform during the early 1990s. Co-author Evert Lindquist. Invited reprint of Canadian Public Administration article for Christopher Dunn, ed. Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, pp. 277-300. Scarborough: Broadview Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Review of Colonial Genocide in North America, edited by Alexander Laban Hinton, Andrew Woolford, and Jeff Benvenuto (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), prepared for the Canadian Journal of History. 50, 3: 353-357.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2011/2012) . Review of Human Welfare, Rights, and Social Activism: Rethinking the Legacy of J.S. Wordsworth, edited by Jane Pulkingham. BC Studies, 172: 141-145.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Review of Telling Tales: Living the Effects of Public Policy, edited by Sheila Neysmith, Kate Bezanson, and Anne O’Connell, Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, Atlantis, 31, 1.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Review of Tending the Gardens of Citizenship: Child Saving in Toronto, 1880s-1920s, by Xiaobei Chen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, Social History/Histoire Sociale, 39, 77.
Karen Bridget Murray. 2019. Not Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning to See Genocide: Part 1. Active History, October 31.
Karen Bridget Murray. 2019. Not Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning to See Genocide: Part 2. Active History, November 7.
Karen Bridget Murray (with Clinton Debogorski, Magdalena Milosz, and Martha Walls. 2019. Education 'After' Residential Schools. Active History, October 24.
A. T. Kingsmith, Julian von Bargen, Karen Bridget Murray, and Robert Latham. Augmenting the Left. 2018. Global Discourse, 8 (2).
Karen Bridget Murray. 2018. Epigenetics and Politics in the Colonial Present. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 43(4): 344-388.
Karen Bridget Murray. 2017. The violence within: Canadian modern statehood and the pan-territorial residential school ideal. Canadian Journal of Political Science. PEER REVIEWED. Nominated for the John McMenemy best article prize.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Bio-gentrification: vulnerability bio-value chains in gentrifying neighbourhoods. Urban Geography, 36, 2: 277-299. See the open access penultimate version available at The Relational Poverty Network, http://depts.washington.edu/relpov/bio-gentrification-vulnerability-bio-value-chains-in-gentrifying-neighbourhoods/ PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Reclaiming the people’s memory. In Jody Berland, ed. Canada Watch: The Politics of Evidence, http://robarts.info.yorku.ca/canada-watch/.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Facing down R. B. Bennett, ActiveHistory.ca, September 30, http://activehistory.ca/2015/09/facing-down-r-b-bennett/.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Reclaiming the people's memory, ActiveHistory.ca. Invited reprint of article published in Canada Watch: The Politics of Evidence, September 23, 2015, http://activehistory.ca/2015/09/reclaiming-the-peoples-memory/
Karen Bridget Murray. (2014) . Feminization through poverty. Politics and Culture: Materialist Feminisms against Neoliberalisms, March 10, https://politicsandculture.org/2014/03/10/feminization-through-poverty-by-karen-bridget-murray/. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2011) . Making space in Vancouver’s East End from Leonard Marsh to the Vancouver Agreement." BC Studies, 169: 7-49, http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/viewFile/446/2301. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2010) . Urban poverty and spatialized governmentalities in Vancouver: a study of Grandview Woodland, Transdisciplinary Studies in Population Health, 2, 2: 98-111.
Karen Bridget Murray, et al. (2006) . The voluntary sector and the realignment of government: a street-level study. Canadian Public Administration, 49, 3, 375-392. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Lay acquiescence to medical dominance: reflections on the active citizenship thesis. Social Theory and Health, 4, 2: 109-127. With Jacqueline Low. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . Too little, too slow, too late: raining on the Human Rights Act amendment parade in New Brunswick. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 55: 27-31.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2004) . Governing ‘unwed mothers’ in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century. Canadian Historical Review, 85, 2: 253-276. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2004) . Do not disturb: "vulnerable populations" in Canadian federal government policy discourses and practices. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 13, 1: 50-69. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (1994) . A reconnaissance of Canadian administrative reform during the early 1990s. Canadian Public Administration, 37, 3: 468-489, with Evert Lindquist. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2008) . Challenging discourses in health policy research: the case of "lone mothers." Halifax: Centre for Excellence in Women's Health, pp. 1-12, http://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/ace-women-health/ACEWH_health_policy_lone_mothers.pdf
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . Grandview Woodland (Vancouver): summary of results. Prepared for the Health, Governance and Citizenship Project, University of New Brunswick (Fredericton), with Margaret Condon of the Social Planning and Research Council of British Columbia.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . The toils of two cities: governing health and citizenship in Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick. Report funded by the Department of Health, Province of New Brunswick.
Karen Bridget Murray (in collaboration with many York colleagues who contributed ideas, thoughts, and materials). 2020. Remote Teaching in Time of Crisis. Internal Department of Politics Working Document, York University.
Augmenting the Left, Special Edition of Global Discourse, 8(2), guest edited by A.T. Kingsmith, Julian von Bargen, Karen Bridget Murray and Robert Latham.
Approach to Teaching
My approach to teaching is inspired by a variety of thinkers and ideas, such as these words by Manulani Aluli Meyer: "An epistemology of spirit encourages us all to be of service, to not get drawn into the ego nurtured in academia, and to keep diving into the wellspring of our own awe. In that way our research is bound in meaning and inspired by service to others or to our natural environment." And I love this too: "Perhaps if we were kinder to our students when they were at university, were kinder and clearer in what we wrote and taught, more of them would use what they have learnt for good, rather than seeing their degrees as stepping-stones to their allotted place in the social hierarchy." - Danny Dorling. And Fred Moten inspires - speaking about their work with Stefano Harney in an interview with Stephen Shukaitis in their book Undercommons : "...study is what you do with other people. It’s talking and walking around with other people, working, dancing, suffering, some irreducible convergence of all three, held under the name of speculative practice. The notion of a rehearsal—being in a kind of workshop, playing in a band, in a jam session, or old men sitting on a porch, or people working together in a factory—there are these various modes of activity. The point of calling it 'study' is to mark that the incessant and irreversible intellectuality of these activities is already present."
I am the daughter of an Irish immigrant and the granddaughter of Volga German immigrants. I live and work on the territories of many Indigenous Nations at Tkaronto: the Wendat, the Anishinabek Nation, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Mississauga of the Credit First Nation, and the Métis. This territory is subject to the Dish With One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant, an agreement to peaceably share and care for the Great Lakes region. For most of my life I was unaware that my early years in were spent as a visitor on the respective traditional territories of the Lkwungen, WSÁNEĆ, and Wyomilth Peoples. Later, I lived on the traditional and unceded territories of the Coast Salish Peoples, namely the shared traditional territories of the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw (Squamish), Tsleil-Waututh, and xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam) and Kwikwetlem First Nations, and then on the traditional unceded territories of the Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqiyik Peoples covered by Treaties of Peace and Friendship.
My work documents, evaluates, and theorizes changing governmental norms and forms with a prominent focus on local governance spaces and the regulation of families and children, including with respect to the residential school system. One of the central foci of my research is to render visible how hierarchical power relations are produced through intersecting governmental processes of classifying and acting upon certain populations and places. In recent years, the colonial present has become more prominent in my research in tandem with
I am presently working on three separate lines of inquiry. The first is a transnational study of post-industrial urban governance in Boston, Dublin and Vancouver. The second is an examination of politics and epigenetics in relation to the category of "vulnerable populations" in the colonial present, including with respect to questions of territorial jurisdiction. The third concerns teaching and learning in political science, including a focus on experiential education and decolonizing pedagogies and practices. Selected publications addressing major themes in my work can be found in BC Studies, Canadian Historical Review, Urban Geography, Canadian Journal of Political Science, and the Canadian Journal of Sociology.
My work has been supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, as well as Fulbright Canada (2013), the Killam Visiting Professorship in Canadian Studies (Bridgewater State University, spring 2016), and the McGill University Eakin Visiting Fellowship in Canadian Studies (fall 2016).
Degrees
PhD, University of British ColumbiaMA, University of Toronto
BA, University of Toronto
Appointments
Faculty of Graduate StudiesProfessional Leadership
Chair, Department of Politics, 2020-2023
Undergraduate Program Director, Department of Politics, 2019-2020
Democratic Administration Diploma Coordinator, 2016-2019
Research Interests
Awards
- Killam Visiting Professorship in Canadian Studies, Bridgewater State University, Massachusetts - 2016
- Fulbright Visiting Research Chair in Canadian Studies at Kennesaw State University, Greater Atlanta - 2013
- Eakin Visiting Fellowship in Canadian Studies, McGill University - 2016 (Fall Term)
- Visiting Scholar, Centre for Criminology, University of Toronto - 2009
- York University Research Leader - 2015 and 2018
All Publications
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Governing ‘unwed mothers’ in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century. In Regulating Sexuality in Early Twentieth Century: The Moral, The Normal, and the Deviant Sexuality in the Early 20th Century: The Canadian Historical Modules Project , Cynthia Comacchio, ed., http://www.visions.nelson.com/module/9780176584429_Module_47.pdf. Invited reprint of article first published in The Canadian Historical Review. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2012) . The silence of urban aboriginal policy in New Brunswick. In Urban Aboriginal Policy Making in the Municipalities (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press). See the open access penultimate version at The Relational Poverty Network: http://depts.washington.edu/relpov/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Murray_2015_pre-print.pdf. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2008) .The patterning of political representation in Halifax. In Caroline Andrew, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley, eds. Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities and Women . Vancouver: UBC Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2007) . Governmentality and the shifting winds of policy studies. In M. Smith and M. Orsini, eds. Critical Public Policy: Canadian Perspectives. pp. 161-184. Vancouver: UBC Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2007) . From Africville to globalville: race, poverty, and urban governance in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In James Jennigs, ed. Race, Neighbourhoods, and the Misuse of Social Capital. pp. 133-143. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . The realignment of government in the provinces. In Christopher Dunn, ed. Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, 2nd ed. Scarborough: Broadview Press, with student research assistance from Victoria Miernicki. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (1994) . A reconnaissance of Canadian administrative reform during the early 1990s. Co-author Evert Lindquist. Invited reprint of Canadian Public Administration article for Christopher Dunn, ed. Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, pp. 277-300. Scarborough: Broadview Press. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Review of Colonial Genocide in North America, edited by Alexander Laban Hinton, Andrew Woolford, and Jeff Benvenuto (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), prepared for the Canadian Journal of History. 50, 3: 353-357.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2011/2012) . Review of Human Welfare, Rights, and Social Activism: Rethinking the Legacy of J.S. Wordsworth, edited by Jane Pulkingham. BC Studies, 172: 141-145.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Review of Telling Tales: Living the Effects of Public Policy, edited by Sheila Neysmith, Kate Bezanson, and Anne O’Connell, Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, Atlantis, 31, 1.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Review of Tending the Gardens of Citizenship: Child Saving in Toronto, 1880s-1920s, by Xiaobei Chen (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, Social History/Histoire Sociale, 39, 77.
Robert Latham, Karen Bridget Murray, Julian von Bargen and A. T. Kingsmith, editors. 2018. The Radical Left and Social Transformation: Strategies of Augmentation and Reorganization. Routledge. Reprint of Special Edition on Augmenting the Left, Global Discourse, 2018, 8(2).
Karen Bridget Murray. 2019. Not Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning to See Genocide: Part 1. Active History, October 31.
Karen Bridget Murray. 2019. Not Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning to See Genocide: Part 2. Active History, November 7.
Karen Bridget Murray (with Clinton Debogorski, Magdalena Milosz, and Martha Walls. 2019. Education 'After' Residential Schools. Active History, October 24.
A. T. Kingsmith, Julian von Bargen, Karen Bridget Murray, and Robert Latham. Augmenting the Left. 2018. Global Discourse, 8 (2).
Karen Bridget Murray. 2018. Epigenetics and Politics in the Colonial Present. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 43(4): 344-388.
Karen Bridget Murray. 2017. The violence within: Canadian modern statehood and the pan-territorial residential school ideal. Canadian Journal of Political Science. PEER REVIEWED. Nominated for the John McMenemy best article prize.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Bio-gentrification: vulnerability bio-value chains in gentrifying neighbourhoods. Urban Geography, 36, 2: 277-299. See the open access penultimate version available at The Relational Poverty Network, http://depts.washington.edu/relpov/bio-gentrification-vulnerability-bio-value-chains-in-gentrifying-neighbourhoods/ PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Reclaiming the people’s memory. In Jody Berland, ed. Canada Watch: The Politics of Evidence, http://robarts.info.yorku.ca/canada-watch/.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Facing down R. B. Bennett, ActiveHistory.ca, September 30, http://activehistory.ca/2015/09/facing-down-r-b-bennett/.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2015) . Reclaiming the people's memory, ActiveHistory.ca. Invited reprint of article published in Canada Watch: The Politics of Evidence, September 23, 2015, http://activehistory.ca/2015/09/reclaiming-the-peoples-memory/
Karen Bridget Murray. (2014) . Feminization through poverty. Politics and Culture: Materialist Feminisms against Neoliberalisms, March 10, https://politicsandculture.org/2014/03/10/feminization-through-poverty-by-karen-bridget-murray/. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2011) . Making space in Vancouver’s East End from Leonard Marsh to the Vancouver Agreement." BC Studies, 169: 7-49, http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/viewFile/446/2301. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2010) . Urban poverty and spatialized governmentalities in Vancouver: a study of Grandview Woodland, Transdisciplinary Studies in Population Health, 2, 2: 98-111.
Karen Bridget Murray, et al. (2006) . The voluntary sector and the realignment of government: a street-level study. Canadian Public Administration, 49, 3, 375-392. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2006) . Lay acquiescence to medical dominance: reflections on the active citizenship thesis. Social Theory and Health, 4, 2: 109-127. With Jacqueline Low. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . Too little, too slow, too late: raining on the Human Rights Act amendment parade in New Brunswick. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 55: 27-31.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2004) . Governing ‘unwed mothers’ in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century. Canadian Historical Review, 85, 2: 253-276. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2004) . Do not disturb: "vulnerable populations" in Canadian federal government policy discourses and practices. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 13, 1: 50-69. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (1994) . A reconnaissance of Canadian administrative reform during the early 1990s. Canadian Public Administration, 37, 3: 468-489, with Evert Lindquist. PEER REVIEWED.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2008) . Challenging discourses in health policy research: the case of "lone mothers." Halifax: Centre for Excellence in Women's Health, pp. 1-12, http://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/ace-women-health/ACEWH_health_policy_lone_mothers.pdf
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . Grandview Woodland (Vancouver): summary of results. Prepared for the Health, Governance and Citizenship Project, University of New Brunswick (Fredericton), with Margaret Condon of the Social Planning and Research Council of British Columbia.
Karen Bridget Murray. (2005) . The toils of two cities: governing health and citizenship in Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick. Report funded by the Department of Health, Province of New Brunswick.
Karen Bridget Murray (in collaboration with many York colleagues who contributed ideas, thoughts, and materials). 2020. Remote Teaching in Time of Crisis. Internal Department of Politics Working Document, York University.
Augmenting the Left, Special Edition of Global Discourse, 8(2), guest edited by A.T. Kingsmith, Julian von Bargen, Karen Bridget Murray and Robert Latham.
Approach to Teaching
My approach to teaching is inspired by a variety of thinkers and ideas, such as these words by Manulani Aluli Meyer: "An epistemology of spirit encourages us all to be of service, to not get drawn into the ego nurtured in academia, and to keep diving into the wellspring of our own awe. In that way our research is bound in meaning and inspired by service to others or to our natural environment." And I love this too: "Perhaps if we were kinder to our students when they were at university, were kinder and clearer in what we wrote and taught, more of them would use what they have learnt for good, rather than seeing their degrees as stepping-stones to their allotted place in the social hierarchy." - Danny Dorling. And Fred Moten inspires - speaking about their work with Stefano Harney in an interview with Stephen Shukaitis in their book Undercommons : "...study is what you do with other people. It’s talking and walking around with other people, working, dancing, suffering, some irreducible convergence of all three, held under the name of speculative practice. The notion of a rehearsal—being in a kind of workshop, playing in a band, in a jam session, or old men sitting on a porch, or people working together in a factory—there are these various modes of activity. The point of calling it 'study' is to mark that the incessant and irreversible intellectuality of these activities is already present."