Sandra Widmer
Associate Professor
Office: Vari Hall, 2042
Phone: (416)736-2100 Ext: 33716
Email: swidmer@yorku.ca
Primary website: Personal Website
Accepting New Graduate Students
Sandra Widmer is an anthropologist of medicine, science, reproduction and nutrition. She has interests in indigeneity and well-being, reproductive justice and the datafication of reproduction, nutrition and health. She explores these in the colonial and postcolonial southwestern Pacific Islands (especially Vanuatu), Canada and online spaces.
I am currently involved in three projects.
In "Moral Figures: Making Reproduction Public in Vanuatu", I look at how figures common to discussions of population size are produced, taken up, and produce new worlds. Figures are both particular social identities and the result of quantifications associated with reproduction. Despite colonial governance and development organizations’ datafication and governance of reproduction in ways that are increasingly financialized and focused on the achievement of wage labour, my book shows how ni-Vanuatu (indigenous citizens of Vanuatu) forms of relationality and land care at the heart of reproduction continue to be sustained and celebrated. Key themes include: colonial intervention on indigenous kinship; indigenous forms of prenatal and birth care; missionaries’ training of indigenous women as midwives; alternative indicators of well-being; teenage pregnancy and social stigma; reproductive justice and land politics.
In my SSHRC funded project “Eating for Trillions: The Social Life of Direct to Consumer (DTC) Microbiome Tests”, I am exploring how the scientific concept of the “human microbiome” is taken up in digital health and food cultures of fermentation. The DTC microbiome test is also a way into understanding the growth of personalized nutrition profiles in precision medicine and the financialization of health in Canada.
In the project “Metabolizing Modernity”, I investigate how scientific understandings of metabolism, nutrition and health are implicated in governance and the laboring body in the southwestern Pacific Islands. I am examining the 1960s work of Australian colonial scientists responsible for nutrition standards of plantation labourers in their Pacific colonies that compared the metabolisms of people living a "subsistence lifestyle” with people working for wages.
Degrees
PhD, York UniversityMA, Dalhousie University
BA, Dalhousie University
Research Interests
Current Research Projects
-
Summary:
This project looks at how Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) microbiome test users in an urban post-industrial context understand their bodies. Analyzing their experiences is significant as a way of understanding the accelerating biologization of human relations in the “postgenomic condition” (Reardon 2017). The microbiome is a term that scientists use to refer to the combined genetic material (the genome) of the microbes in a human body. DTC microbiome tests examine a tiny fraction of the trillions of cells in a human body that belong to microscopic microbes, like bacteria, fungi and viruses (e.g. Paxson 2008; Yong 2016). The tests can be seen as an example of precision medicine, a form of medicine that offers therapeutics optimized with genomic profiling. DTC test companies’ marketing strategies hinge on convincing consumers to purchase their analysis in order to optimize personal wellness. The project combines online ethnography with participant observation with food fermenters in Toronto, as well as interviews with naturopaths and other health professionals, DTC testing company, health food marketers.
The project will also situate DTC test users’ lived experiences of their bodies and frequent experiences of precarity and uncertainty in a wider social and political context o in political economies of North American biotechnology and biomedicine (Lorimer 2017).
SSHRC Insight Development Grant
-
Summary:
Pacific Islanders have some of the highest rates of metabolic disease in the world. Often scientists attribute this to genetics and a transition to a processed food diet. My project presents another element in the regional and global history of how researchers understood metabolism at a time when global hunger, not obesity, was a concern. This metabolism research was also a precursor to microbiome research today.
In the 1960s, a team of Australian nutritionists travelled to Papua New Guinea (then an Australian colony) and compared the metabolisms of people who lived a subsistence lifestyle with those who worked for wages in towns, as well as White Australians in Australia. Subsistence livelihoods were of particular interest during the Cold War, as regional institutions, like the South Pacific Commission hoped that Pacific Islanders could transition to wage earners in capitalist economies.
As part of their research, these researchers collected and compared urine, expired air, breast milk and feces. The samples they could not analyze in the field, were sent back to a government lab at the Australian Institute of Anatomy (a leading national institution of the Australian Department of Health) in Canberra for analysis. These researchers cautiously published that in people practicing subsistence livelihoods, they had located gut microflora that would metabolise protein from nitrogen in the air. Their claims suggested that WHO universal standards of protein consumption might need to be changed to allow for differences between populations.
The objective of this research is to use historical methods and social theory to analyze metabolism research in Australian colonial nutrition science in the south western Pacific Islands. Within this 1960s research, I will document the scientific practices of the collection, storage and analysis of Pacific Islanders’ biological materials. I want to understand these technologies measuring metabolism as a means of how scientists calibrated the sexed, raced and age-related embodiment of food and waged or subsistence labour.
References
Abernethy, Virgina. 1995. “The Demographic Transition Model: A Ghost Story.” Population and Environment 17:3–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208273.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2013. Do Muslim Women Need Saving? London: Harvard University Press.
Adams, Vincanne. 2016a. “Introduction.” In Metrics: What Counts in Global Health, edited by Vincanne Adams, 1–18. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
———, ed. 2016b. Metrics: What Counts in Global Health. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Adelson, Naomi. 2000. “Being Alive Well”: Health and the Politics of Cree Well-Being. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Ahmed, Leila. 1993. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Aldrich, Robert. 1990. The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842–1940. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 1993. France and the South Pacific since 1940. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Alexander, Chloe, and Anna Staley. 2020 “Disaster Capitalism: Coronavirus Crisis Brings Bailouts, Tax Breaks and Lax Environmental Rules to Oilsands.” The Conversation, 29 April 2020. https://theconversation.com/disaster-capitalism-coronavirus-crisis-brings-bailouts-tax-breaks-and-lax-environmental-rules-to-oilsands-135996.
Anand, Nikhil. 2018. “A Public Matter: Water, Hydraulics, Biopolitics.” In The Promise of Infrastructure, edited by Nikhil Anand, Akhil Gupta, and Hannah Appel, 155–74. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Andersen, Barbara. 2016. “Temporal Circuits and Social Triage in a Papua New Guinean Clinic.” Critique of Anthropology 36 (1): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0308275X15617306.
Anderson, Benedict. 2001. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Warwick. 2009. “Modern Sentinel and Colonial Microcosm: At the Philippine General Hospital.” Philippine Studies 57 (2): 153–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634007
Appadurai, Arjun. 1993. “Number in the Colonial Imagination.” In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, edited by Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, 314‒39. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Argast, Regula, Corinna Unger, and Alexandra Widmer. 2016. “Twentieth Century Population Thinking: An Introduction.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 1–10. London: Routledge.
Asad, Talal. 1992. “Conscripts of Western Civilization?” In Dialectical Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Stanley Diamond, vol. 1, edited by Christine Gailey, 333–51. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
———. 1996. “Comments on Conversion.” In Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity, edited by Peter van der Veer, 263–75. New York: Routledge.
———. 2002. “Ethnographic Representation, Statistics, and Modern Power.” In From the Margins: Historical Anthropology and Its Futures, edited by Brian Keith Axel, 66–94. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2015. “Vanuatu Court Sentences MPs, Including Former PMs Carcasses and Vohor, to Jail for Corruption.” ABC News, 23 October 2015. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-22/vanuatu-mps-including-moana-carcasses-and-serge-vohor-sentenced/6875566.
Axelson, Per, and Peter Sköld. 2011. Indigenous Peoples and Demography: The Complex Relation between Identity and Statistics. New York: Berghahn Books.
Baker, John R. 1928. “Depopulation in Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides [with Plate XXIV].” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 58 (January): 279–303. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4619534
Bamford, Sandra. 2007. Biology Unmoored: Melanesian Reflections on Life and Biotechnology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bashford, Alison. 2014. Life on Earth: Geopolitics and the World Population Problem. New York: Columbia University Press.
Battaglia, Debbora. 2017. “Aeroponic Gardens and Their Magic: Plants/Persons/Ethics in Suspension.” History and Anthropology 28 (3): 263–92. https://10.1080/02757206.2017.1289935.
Bear, Laura. 2013. “ ‘This Body Is Our Body’: Vishwakarma Puja, the Social Debts of Kinship, and Theologies of Materiality in a Neoliberal Shipyard.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 166–89. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Bear, Laura, Karen Ho, Anna Tsing, and Sylvia Yanagisako. 2015. “Gens: A Feminist Manifesto for the Study of Capitalism.” Theorizing the Contemporary (blog), Society for Cultural Anthropology, 30 March 2015. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/652-gens-a-feminist-manifesto-for-the-study-of-capitalism.
Beasant, John. 1984. The Santo Rebellion: An Imperial Reckoning. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Bedford, Richard D. 1973. New Hebridean Mobility: A Study of Circular Migration. Canberra: Australian National University.
Biehl, Joao. 2005. Vita: Life in a Zone of Social Abandonment. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Biruk, Crystal. 2012. “Seeing Like a Research Project: Producing ‘High-Quality Data’ in AIDS Research in Malawi.” Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 31 (4): 347–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.631960.
———. 2018. Culture and Politics in an African Research World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bjornum, Yasmine. 2020. “ ‘If It Comes, It Will Be a Disaster’: Life in One of the Only Countries without Coronavirus.” The Guardian, 7 April 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/08/if-it-comes-it-will-be-a-disaster-life-in-vanuatu-one-of-the-only-countries-without-coronavirus.
Bledsoe, Caroline H. 2002. Contingent Lives: Fertility, Time, and Aging in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Blundo, Giorgio. 2014. “Seeing Like a State Agent: The Ethnography of Reform in Senegal’s Forestry Services.” In States at Work in West Africa: Dynamics of African Bureaucracies, edited by Thomas Bierschenk and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, 69–89. Boston: Brill.
Boddy, Janice. 2007. Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bolton, Lissant. 2003a. “Gender, Status and Introduced Clothing in Vanuatu.” In Clothing the Pacific, edited by Chloë Colchester, 119–39. Oxford: Berg.
———. 2003b. Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women’s Kastom in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Bonnemaison, Joël. 1976. “Circular Migration and Uncontrolled Migration in the New Hebrides: Proposals for an Effective Urban Migration Policy.” South Pacific Bulletin 26 (4): 7–13.
Bourdy, Genevieve, and Annie Walter. 1992. “Maternity and Medicinal Plants in Vanuatu: The Cycle of Reproduction.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37 (3): 179–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90033-n.
<
Bremner, Brian. 2017. “Final Days of a Tax Haven.” Bloomberg Markets, 15 November 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-11-15/the-final-days-of-a-tax-haven.
Briggs, Laura. 2017. How All Politics Became Reproductive Politics: From Welfare Reform to Foreclosure to Trump. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Broome, André, and Leonard Seabrooke. 2012. “Seeing Like an International Organisation.” New Political Economy 17 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2011.569019.
Brunson, Jan. 2019. “Tool of Economic Development, Metric of Global Health: Promoting Planned Families and Economized Life in Nepal.” Social Science & Medicine(254). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.003.
Brunson, Jan, and Siri Suh. 2020. “Behind the Measures of Maternal and Reproductive Health: Ethnographic Accounts of Inventory and Intervention.” Social Science & Medicine (254). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112730.
Butt, Leslie. 1998. “The Social and Political Life of Infants among the Baliem Valley Dani, Irian Jaya.” PhD diss., McGill University. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses /5h73px75f.
Callaci, Emily. 2020. “On Acknowledgments.” American Historical Review 125 (1): 126–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz938.
Campbell, Ian. 2006. “More Celebrated than Read: The Work of Norma McArthur.” In Texts and Contexts: Reflections in Pacific Islands Historiography, edited by Doug Munro and Brij V. Lal, 98‒110. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Cheer, Joseph M., Keir J. Reeves, and Jennifer H. Laing. 2013. “Tourism and Traditional Culture: Land Diving in Vanuatu.” Annals of Tourism Research 43 (October): 435–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.005.
Coghe, Samuel. 2014. “Population Politics in the Tropics: Demography, Health and Colonial Rule in Portuguese Angola, 1890s–1940s.” PhD diss., European University Institute.
Coghe, Samuel, and Alexandra Widmer. 2015. “Colonial Demography: Discourses, Rationalities, Methods.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 37–64. New York: Routledge.
Cohn, Bernard. 1987. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, Jane, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Sylvia Yanagisako. 1992. “Is There a Family? New Anthropological Views.” In Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, edited by Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom, 2nd ed., 31–48. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Cominsky, Sheila. 2016. Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Cummings, Maggie. 2005. “Who Wears the Trousers in Vanuatu?” In Autoethnographies: The Anthropology of Academic Practices, edited by Anne Meneley and Donna J. Young, 51–64. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
———. 2008. “The Trouble with Trousers: Gossip, Kastom, and Sexual Culture in Vanuatu.” In Making Sense of AIDS: Culture, Sexuality and Power in Melanesia, edited by Leslie Butt and Richard Eves, 133–49. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Connelly, Matthew J. 2008. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Córdova, Isabel M. 2017. Pushing in Silence: Modernizing Puerto Rico and the Medicalization of Childbirth. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Davis-Floyd, Robbie. 2004. Birth as an American Rite of Passage. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2017. Ways of Knowing About Birth: Mothers, Midwives, Medicine, and Birth Activism. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Diocese of Melanesia. 1943. “Mothercraft Training and Infant Welfare” http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/solomons1943/.
Doernemann, Maria, and Teresa Huehle. 2016. “Population Problems in Modernization and Development: Positions and Practices.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 142‒72. London: Routledge.
Duclos, Vincent, and Tomas Sanchez Criado. 2020. “Care in Trouble: Ecologies of Support from Below and Beyond”. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 34 (2): 153–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12540.
Erikson, Susan L., 2016. “Metrics and Market Logics of Global Health.” In Metrics: What Counts in Global Health, edited by Vincanne Adams, 147–62. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Eves, Richard. 2019. “ ‘Full Price, Full Body’: Norms, Brideprice and Intimate Partner Violence in Highlands Papua New Guinea.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 21 (12): 1367–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1564937.
Ewart, Richard, and Erin Handley. 2020. “Pacific Nations Vanuatu and PNG Pledge Aid for Australia’s Bushfires.” ABC News, 6 January 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-06/pacific-nations-pledge-aid-for-australias-bushfires/11844008.
Ferdinand, Ursula, and Petra Overath. 2016. “Organizations and Networks of Population Thinking in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 65–89. London: Routledge.
Flexner, James, and Matthew Spriggs. 2017. “When Early Modern Colonialism Comes Late: Historical Archaeology in Vanuatu.” In Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on Early Modern Colonialism in Asia-Pacific. The Southwest Pacific and Oceanian Regions, edited by Maria Cruz Berrocal and Cheng-hwa Tsang, 57–91. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Folbre, Nancy. 2002. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. 1st ed. New York: New Press.
———. 2008. Valuing Children: Rethinking the Economics of the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Forsyth, Miranda. 2009. A Bird that Flies with Two Wings: Kastom and the State Justice Systems in Vanuatu. Canberra: ANU Epress.
Foucault, Michel. 1997. Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. Edited by Paul Rabinow; translated by Robert Hurley. New York: New Press.
Freeman, Edward Alan. 2006. Doctor in Vanuatu. Suva: IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific.
Fuataui, Teuila. 2020. “Coconut Resurgence in Cyclone-Devastated Vanuatu.” The Newsroom, 25 May 2020. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/05/25/1197711/coconut-resurgence-in-cyclone-devastated-vanuatu.
Gambuto, Julio V. 2020. “Prepare for the Ultimate Gaslighting: You Are Not Crazy, My Friends.” Forge, 10 April 2020. https://forge.medium.com/prepare-for-the-ultimate-gaslighting-6a8ce3f0a0e0.
Gardner, Helen. 2013. “Praying for Independence: The Presbyterian Church in the Decolonisation of Vanuatu.” Journal of Pacific History 48 (2): 122–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2013.781761.
Geismar, Haidy. 2013. Treasured Possessions: Indigenous Interventions into Cultural and Intellectual Property. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Government of Vanuatu. 2017. Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan. National Sustainable Development Plan 2016 to 2030, Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. Port Vila: Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination. https://www.gov.vu/images/publications/Vanuatu2030-EN-FINAL-sf.pdf.
———. 2017. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. National Sustainable Development Plan, 2016–2030. Port Vila: Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination. https://www.gov.vu/images/publications/NSDP%20M&E%20Framework.pdf.
Grace, Robert F. 2002. “Population, Public Health and Tubal Ligation in Vanuatu.” Pacific Health Dialog 9 (1): 17–20.
Greenhalgh, Susan, ed. 1995. Situating Fertility: Anthropology and Demographic Inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1996. “The Social Construction of Population Science: An Intellectual, Institutional, and Political History of 20th Century Demography.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 38 (1): 26‒66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500020119.
———. 2008. Just One Child Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregory, Christopher. (1982) 2015. Gifts and Commodities. 2nd ed. London: HAU Books.
Guha, Ambalika. 2018. Colonial Modernities: Midwifery in Bengal, 1860–1947. London: Routledge.
Gunia, Amy. 2020. “This Tiny Nation Has Zero Coronavirus Cases. After a Devastating Cyclone, It’s Refusing Foreign Aid Workers to Keep It That Way.” Time, 17 April 2020. https://time.com/5820382/coronavirus-cyclone-harold-vanuatu/.
Haberkorn, Gerald. 2008. “Pacific Islands’ Population and Development: Facts, Fictions and Follies.” New Zealand Population Review 33 (34): 95–127.
Hacking, Ian. 1993. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2006. “Making Up People.” London Review of Books 28 (16–17): 23‒6.
Harrison, Tom. 1937. Savage Civilization. London: Gollancz.
Hartmann, Betsy. 1995. Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control. Boston: South End Press.
Hartmann, Heinrich, and Corinna R. Unger. 2015. “Family, Sexuality, and Gender.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 115–42.
Hattori, Anne Perez. 2006. “ ‘The Cry of the Little People of Guam’: American Colonialism, Medical Philanthropy, and the Susana Hospital for Chamorro Women 1898–1941.” Health and History 8 (1): 4–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/40111527.
Hawka, Charles. 2019. “50 Years Since Laying of Vila Central Hospital Foundation.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 14 September 2019. https://dailypost.vu/news/50-years-since-laying-of-vila-central-hospital-foundation/article_479080b3-189d-5603-aaf8-3cfc2f799778.html.
Hendrixson, Anne, and Diana Ojeda. 2020. “Population.” Uneven Earth: Where the Ecological Meets the Political, 20 July 2020. http://unevenearth.org/2020/07/population/.
Henley, Megan M. 2015. “Alternative and Authoritative Knowledge: The Role of Certification for Defining Expertise among Doulas.” Social Currents 2 (3): 260–79. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2329496515589851.
Hess, Sabine. 2009. Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hochschild, Arlie. 2012. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Holmes, Teresa. J. 2009. “When Blood Matters: Making Kinship in Colonial Kenya.” In Kinship and Beyond: The Genealogical Model Reconsidered, edited by Sandra C. Bamford and James Leach, 50–83. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hoodfar, Homa, Sheila McDonough, and Sajida Alvi, eds. 2003. The Muslim Veil in North America: Issues and Debate. Toronto: Women’s Press.
Hugo, Graeme. 2009. “Best Practices in Temporary Labour Migration for Development: A Perspective from Asia and the Pacific.” International Migration 47 (5): 23–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00576.x.
Hull, Elizabeth. 2012. “Paperwork and the Contradictions of Accountability in a South African Hospital.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18 (3): 613–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/23321392.
Hull, Matthew. 2012a. “Documents and Bureaucracy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41 (1): 251–67. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104953.
———. 2012b. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hunt, Nancy Rose. 1997. “ ‘Le Bébé En Brousse’: European Women, African Birth Spacing, and Colonial Intervention in Breast Feeding in the Belgian Congo.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 287–321. Oakland: University of California Press.
———. 1999. A Colonial Lexicon: Of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Jackson, A.L. 1972. “Towards Political Awareness in the New Hebrides.” Journal of Pacific History 7 (1): 155‒62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168097
Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. 2008. “Demographic Transitions and Modernity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37:301–15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085138.
Jolly, Margaret. 1987. “The Forgotten Women: A History of Migrant Labour and Gender Relations in Vanuatu.” Oceania: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 58 (2): 119–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1987.tb02265.x.
———. 1991. “ ‘To Save the Girls for Brighter and Better Lives’: Presbyterian Missions and Women in the South of Vanuatu: 1848–1870.” Journal of Pacific History 26 (1): 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349108572645.
———. 1994. Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu. Philadelphia: Harwood.
———. 1996. “ ‘Woman Ikat Raet Long Human Raet O No?’ Women’s Rights, Human Rights and Domestic Violence in Vanuatu.” In The World Upside Down: Feminisms in the Antipodes, special issue, Feminist Review 52 (1): 169–90.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1395780
———. 1997. “Women-Nation-State in Vanuatu: Women as Signs and Subjects in the Discourses of Kastom, Modernity and Christianity.” In Narratives of Nation in the South Pacific, edited by Otto Ton and Nicolas Thomas, 133–62. Amsterdam: Harwood.
———. 1998. “Other Mothers: Maternal ‘Insouciance’ and the Depopulation Debate in Fiji and Vanuatu, 1890–1930.” In Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Post-Colonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly, 177–212. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2001a. “From Darkness to Light? Epidemiologies and Ethnographies of Motherhood in Vanuatu.” In Birthing in the Pacific: Beyond Tradition and Modernity?, edited by Vicki Lukere and Margaret Jolly, 148–77. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2001b. “Infertile States: Person and Collectivity, Region and Nation in the Rhetoric of Pacific Population.” In Borders of Being: Citizenship, Fertility and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Margaret Jolly and Kalpana Ram, 262–306. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
———. 2015. “Braed Praes in Vanuatu: Both Gifts and Commodities?” Gender and Person in Oceania 85 (1): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5074.
Jordan, Brigette. 1993. Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden and the United States. 4th ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
———. 1997. “Authoritative Knowledge and Its Construction.” In Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Robbie E. Davis-Floyd and Carolyn Sargent, 55–79. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Joshua, Jane. 2012. “Vanuatu Population to Hit Half Million by 2050.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 21 February 2012. https://www.dailypost.vu/content/vanuatu-population-hit-half-million-2050.
Kildea, Sue, and Wardaguga, Molly. 2009. “Childbirth in Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women.” In Childbirth across Cultures: Ideas and Practices of Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Postpartum, edited by Helain Selin, 275–86. New York: Springer.
Klein, Naomi. 2020. “Coronavirus Capitalism – and How to Beat It.” YouTube, 16 March 2020. https://youtu.be/niwNTI9Nqd8?t=19.
Kligman, Gail. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Krause, Elizabeth. 2005. A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Krause, Elizabeth L., and Silvia De Zordo. 2012. “Introduction. Ethnography and Biopolitics: Tracing ‘Rationalities’ of Reproduction across the North–South Divide.” Anthropology & Medicine 19 (2): 137–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2012.675050.
Lambek, Michael. 2013. “Kinship, Modernity, and the Immodern.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 252–71. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
———. 2015. The Ethical Condition: Essays on Action, Person, and Value. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Latour, Bruno. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Law, John. 2009. “Seeing Like a Survey.” Cultural Sociology 3 (2): 239–56. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1749975509105533.
Lederman, Rena. 1986. What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Tania. 2007. “Governmentality.” Anthropologica 49 (2): 275–81.
Liamputtong, Pranee, and Somsri Kitisriworapan. 2014. “Authoritative Knowledge, Folk Knowledge, and Antenatal Care in Contemporary Northern Thailand.” In Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand, edited by Pranee Liamputtong, 465–86. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
Lin, Justin Yifu. 2012. “Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or a Demographic Bomb in Developing Countries?” Let’s Talk Development (blog), World Bank, 5 January 2012. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/youth-bulge-a-demographic-dividend-or-a-demographic-bomb-in-developing-countries.
Lind, Craig. 2014. “Why the Future Is Selfish and Could Kill: Contraception and the Future of Paama.” In Pacific Futures: Projects, Politics and Interests, edited by Will Rollason, 71–95. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lindstrom, Lamont. 1990. Knowledge and Power in a South Pacific Society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
———. 2017. “Respek and Other Urban Vila Keywords.” Journal de la Société des Océanistes (144–5):23–36. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.7849.
Livingston, Julie. 2012. Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Lukere, Vicki. 2002. “Native Obstetric Nursing in Fiji.” In Birthing in the Pacific: Beyond Tradition and Modernity?, edited by Vicki Lukere and Margaret Jolly, 100–24. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
MacDonald, Margaret. 2019. “The Image World of Maternal Mortality: Visual Economies of Hope and Aspiration in the Global Campaigns to Reduce Maternal Mortality.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 10 (2): 263–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2019.0013.
Mahmood, Saba. 2001. “Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival.” Cultural Anthropology 16 (2): 202–36. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1916. “Baloma: The Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 46 (July–December): 353–430. https://doi.org/10.2307/2843398.
Manderson, Lenore. 1996. Sickness and the State: Health and Illness in Colonial Malaya, 1870–1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McArthur, Norma. 1961. Introducing Population Statistics. Published Under the Auspices of the South Pacific Commission and Australian National University, Canberra. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
———. 1967a. Letter to Census Takers. MSS.Archives.2003/1.NHBS 18. Series I. File 140/10 Vol.2, Census (N.H. Enumerators and Supervisors., 1966-1967, Box: C3026840.
———. 1967b. Island Populations of the Pacific. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
McArthur, Norma, and John Yaxley. 1968. Condominium of the New Hebrides: A Report on the First Census of the Population 1967. Sydney: V.C.N. Blight, Govt. Printer.
McArthy, Joe. 2020. “Tiny Island Nation of Vanuatu Pledges Millions to Help Australian Firefighters.” Global Citizen, 8 January 2020. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/vanuatu-pledges-20-million-australia-fires/.
McCann, Carole. 2017. Figuring the Population Bomb: Gender and Demography in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
McDonnell, Siobhan. 2015. “The Land Will Eat You: Land and Sorcery in North Efate, Vanuatu” Talking It Through: Responses to Sorcery and Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia, edited by Miranda Forsyth and Richard Eves, Canberra: ANU Press.
———. 2016. “ ‘My Land, My Life’: Power, Property and Identity in Land Transformations in Vanuatu.” PhD diss., Australia National University.
McKay, Ramah. 2018. Medicine in the Meantime: The Work of Care in Mozambique. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
McKelvie, Stephanie., Leodoro, Basil., Sala, Thomas., Tran, Thach., & Fisher, Jane. 2020. “Prevalence, Patterns, and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women Who Are Pregnant in Sanma Province, Vanuatu.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520969235.
McKinnon, Susan. 2019. “Reading the Contested Forms of Nation through the Contested Forms of Kinship and Marriage.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Kinship, edited by Sandra Bamford, 605–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938.026.
McKinnon, Susan, and Fenella Cannell, eds. 2013. Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
McMenamin, Dorothy. 2009. “Leprosy and Stigma in the South Pacific: Camaraderie in Isolation.” Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury. https://doi.org/10.26021/4476.
McPherson, Naomi M. 2007. “Women, Childbirth and Change in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea.” In Reproduction, Childbearing and Motherhood, edited by Pranee Liamputtong, 127–41. New York: Nova Science.
Merry, Sally Engle. 2016. The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2002. “A Vanishing Act: Tonkinese Migrant Labour in Vanuatu in the Early 20th Century.” Journal of Pacific History 37 (1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223340220139261.
Miller, Graham J. 1978. LIVE: A History of Church Planting in the New Hebrides, to 1880. Book One. Sydney: Committees on Christian Education and Overseas Missions, General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia.
Mitchell, Jean. 2011a.“Engaging Feminist Anthropology in Vanuatu: Local Knowledge and Universal Claims.” Anthropology in Action 18 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2011.180105.
———. 2011b. “ ‘Operation Restore Public Hope’: Youth and the Magic of Modernity in Vanuatu.” Oceania 81 (1): 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00092.x.
———. n.d. “Awakening the Stones: The Niel Performance, Gardens and Transformation in Tanna, Vanuatu.” Manuscript under review.
———. 2021.“ ‘Awakening the Stones’: The Nieri Performance, Gardens and Regeneration in Tanna, Vanuatu.” Anthropological Forum, 31:4, 433-449, DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2004878
Mitchell, Timothy. 2001. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
MNCC (Malvatumauri National Council of Chiefs). 2012. Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Vanuatu Pilot Study Report. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
MNCC (Malvatumauri National Council of Chiefs) and VNSO (Vanuatu National Statistics Office). 2012. “Well-Being in Vanuatu” https://youtu.be/jtnLl1Jp0K0. Accessed June 19, 2021
Mol, Annemarie, Ingunn Moser, and Jeannette Pols. eds. 2010. “Care: Putting Practice into Theory.” In Care in Practice: On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms, edited by Annemarie Mol, Ingunn Moser, and Jeannette Pols, 7–26. Bielefeld, DE: transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/transcript.9783839414477
Mora, Cristina. 2014. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Morgan, Lynn. M., and E.F.S. Roberts. 2012. “Reproductive governance in Latin America.” Anthropology & Medicine 19 (2): 241–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2012.675046.
Murphy, Michelle. 2013. “Distributed Reproduction, Chemical Violence, and Latency.” S&F Online 11 (3). https://sfonline.barnard.edu/life-un-ltd-feminism-bioscience-race/distributed-reproduction-chemical-violence-and-latency/.
———. 2015a. “Reproduction.” In Marxism and Feminism, edited by Shahrzad Mojab, 287–304. New York: Zed Books.
———. 2015b. “Unsettling Care: Troubling Transnational Itineraries of Care in Feminist Health Practices.” Social Studies of Science 45 (5): 717–37. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306312715589136.
———. 2017. The Economization of Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
National Planning and Statistics Office and Condominium Bureau of Statistics [New Hebrides], National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies [France], and National Planning and Statistics Office [Vanuatu]. 1973. Vanuatu Population and Housing Census.
Naupa, Anna. 2017. “Making the Invisible Seen: Putting Women’s Rights on Vanuatu’s Land Reform Agenda.” In Kastom, Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, edited by Siobhan McDonnell, Matthew Allen, and Colin Filer, 305–26. Canberra: ANU Press.
Obituaries Australia. 1984. “McArthur, Norma (?–1984).” Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 8 November 2019. http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/mcarthur-norma-677/text678.
Olszynko-Gryn, Jesse. 2014. “Laparoscopy as a Technology of Population Control: A Use-Centered History of Surgical Sterilization.” In A World of Populations: The Production, Transfer, and Application of Demographic Knowledge in the Twentieth Century in Transnational Perspective, edited by Heinrich Hartmann and Corinna R. Unger, 147–77. New York: Berghahn Books.
Pacific Community. n.d.. “Vanuatu (Republic of).” Pacific Community, Statistics for Development Division, accessed 2 June 2020. http://sdd.spc.int/vu.
Pacific Institute of Public Policy. 2011. “Youthquake: Will Melanesian Democracy Be Sunk by Demography?” Discussion paper no. 17. Port Vila: Pacific Institute of Public Policy. http://www.pacificpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/D17-PiPP.pdf.
Pacific Islands Monthly. 1967. “Big Bay Story Brings Land Tiffs into Open.” Pacific Islands Monthly 38, (5): 31–2.
Pala’a, Alesana. 2019. “Pastoral Counselling in a Changing Samoa: Development, Christianity and Relationality.” Sites 16 (1): 95–108. https://doi.org/10.11157/sites-id442.
Philibert, Jean-Marc. 1988. “Women’s Work: A Case Study of Proletarianization of Peri-Urban Villagers in Vanuatu.” Oceania 58 (3): 161–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1988.tb02270.x.
Population and Development Program. 2008. “Ten Reasons to Rethink Overpopulation.” http://popdev.hamshire.edu/projects/dt/40.
Population Knowledge Network. 2016. Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 1–10. London: Routledge.
Porter, Theodore M. (1995) 2020. Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
PPB (Pacific Private Bank). n.d. “About Us.” Pacific Private Bank, accessed 21 April 2020. https://pacificprivatebank.com/about-us/.
Ram, Kalpana, and Margaret Jolly, eds. 1998. Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rapp, Rayna. 1987. “Moral Pioneers: Women, Men and Fetuses on a Frontier of Reproductive Technology.” Women Health 13 (1–2): 101–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v13n01_09.
———. 1992. “Family and Class in Contemporary America: Notes Toward an Understanding of Ideology.” In Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, edited by Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalolm, 25–39. Chicago: Northeastern University Press.
Rawlings, Gregory E. 1999a. “Foundations of Urbanization: Port Vila Town and Pango Village, Vanuatu.” Oceania 70 (1): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1999.tb02990.x.
———. 1999b. “Villages, Islands and Tax Havens: The Global/Local Implications of a Financial Entrepot in Vanuatu.” Canberra Anthropology 22 (2): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03149099909508347.
———. 2002. “ ‘Once There Was a Garden, Now There Is a Swimming Pool”: Inequality, Labour and Land in Pango, a Peri-urban Village in Vanuatu.” PhD diss., Australian National University.
———. 2004. “Laws, Liquidity and Eurobonds: The Making of the Vanuatu Tax Haven.” Journal of Pacific History 39 (3): 325–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334042000290388.
———. 2019. “Stateless Persons, Eligible Citizens and protected Places: The British Nationality Act in Vanuatu.” Twentieth Century British History 30 (1): 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwy011.
Razak, Iskhandar, and Graeme Hugo. 2012. “Population Pressure Could Cause ‘Melanesian Spring’: Demographer.” Radio Australia (ABC). Accessed February 8, 2013. http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/pacific-beat/population-pressure-could-cause-melanesian-spring-demographer/1025884.
Reinecke, Christiane. 2016. “Population in Space: Migration, Geopolitics, and Urbanization.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 90–114. London: Routledge.
Rio, Knut. 2002. “The Sorcerer as an Absented Third Person: Formations of Fear and Anger in Vanuatu.” Social Analysis 46(3): 129–54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23170170 .
Riou, Virginie. 2010. Trajectoires pseudo-coloniales. Les Français du condominium franco-anglais des ex Nouvelles-Hébrides (Vanuatu) de la fin du XIXe siècle à l’entre deux guerres. PhD diss., L’École des hautes études en sciences sociales.
Rivers, William Halse Rivers 1922. Essays on the Depopulation of Melanesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, Elizabeth F.S. 2012. God’s Laboratory: Assisted Reproduction in the Andes. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2013. “Assisted Existence: An Ethnography of Being in Ecuador.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19 (3): 562–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12050.
———. 2015. “Reproduction and Cultural Anthropology.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20: 450–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12239-1.
Robertson, Thomas. 2016. “Natural Resources, Environment and Population.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 210–35. London: Routledge.
Robinson-Drawbridge, Benjamin. 2020. “As If a Bomb Went off.” Radio New Zealand International, 15 April 2020. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414299/as-if-it-was-bombed-vanuatu-s-pentecost-devastated-by-cyclone-harold.
Rodman, Margaret. 1987. Masters of Tradition: Consequences of Customary Land Tenure in Longana, Vanuatu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
———. 2001. Houses Far from Home: British Colonial Space in the New Hebrides. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2003. “The Heart in the Archives: Colonial Contestation of Desire and Fear in the New Hebrides, 1993.” Journal of Pacific History 38 (3): 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334032000154056.
Rodman, Margaret, Daniela Kraemer, Lissant Bolton, and Jean Tarisesei, eds. 2007. House-Girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Rodríguez-Muñiz, Michael. 2017. “Cultivating Consent: Nonstate Leaders and the Orchestration of State Legibility.” American Journal of Sociology 123:385–425. https://doi.org/10.1086/693045.
Rousseau, Benedicta, and John P. Taylor. 2012. “Kastom Ekonomi and the Subject of Self-Reliance: Differentiating Development in Vanuatu.” In Differentiating Development: Beyond an Anthropology of Critique, edited by Soumhya Venkatesan and Thomas Yarrow, 169–86. New York: Berghahn Books.
Sanger, Margaret, ed. 1927. World Population Conference Proceedings. London: Edward Arnold.
Sasser, Jade. S. 2018. On Infertile Ground: Population Control and Women’s Rights in the Era of Climate Change. New York: New York University Press.
Scherz, China. 2018. “Enduring the Awkward Embrace: Ontology and Ethical Work in a Ugandan Convent.” American Anthropologist 120 (1):102–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12968.
Scott, David. 1995. “Colonial Governmentality.” Social Text 43 (Autumn): 191–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/466631.
———. 2004. Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Selwyn Foundation. 2017. “Betty Pyatt Apartments.” Selwyn Foundation, accessed 12 April 2020. https://www.selwynfoundation.org.nz/villages/independent-living/selwyn-village/living-options/betty-pyatt-apartments/.
Sénat Francais. n.d. “Le Vanuatu: Survivance de la Francophonie dans un archipel du Pacifique du Sud.” Sénat.fr, accessed 9 March 2020. https://www.senat.fr/ga/ga33/ga332.html.
Servy, Alice. 2018. “L’approche « Abstinence, Be Faithful, Use a Condom » au Vanuatu: Traduire une politique d’éducation à la sexualité globalisée.” Autrepart 86 (2): 43–59. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.086.0043.
———. 2020. “ ‘We’ve Paid Your Vagina to Make Children!ʼ: Bridewealth and Women’s Marital and Reproductive Autonomy in Port-Vila, Vanuatu.” Oceania 90 (3): 292–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5280.
Shever, Elana. 2013. “ ‘I Am a Petroleum Product’: Making Kinship Work on the Patagonian Frontier.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 99–119. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Simpson, Audra. 2014. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life across the Borders of Settler States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Solway, Richard. 1990. Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain. Durham: University of North Carolina Press.
Speiser, Felix. 1913. Two Years with the Natives in the Western Pacific. London: Mills and Boon.
———. (1923) 1996. Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early 20th Century Study. Bathurst, UK: Crawford House.
Spriggs, Matthew. 1997. The Island Melanesians. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2007. “Population in a Vegetable Kingdom. Aneityum Island (Vanuatu) At European Contact in 1830.” In The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies, edited by Patrick Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu, 278–305. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai’i.
Smith, Thomas Richard. 1972. South Pacific Commission: An Analysis after Twenty-Five Years. Wellington: Price Milburn for the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs.
Southern Cross. 1950. Medical Work in Melanesia: The Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. Southern Cross Booklet no. 7. Oxford: Church Army Press. Project Canterbury. http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/sx_booklet7.html.
Pacific Community. 2017. “Mary Kalsrap.” South Pacific Development. October 2017. http://www.spc.int/70-inspiring-pacific-women/mary-kalsrap/.
Stevens, Kate. 2017. “ ‘The Law of the New Hebrides Is the Protector of Their Lawlessness’: Justice, Race and Colonial Rivalry in the Early Anglo-French Condominium.” Law and History Review 35 (3): 595–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0738248017000293.
Stoler, Ann Laura. 2002a. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2002b. “Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance.” Archival Science 2 (1–2): 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435632.
———. 2010. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Street, Alice. 2014. Biomedicine in an Unstable Place: Infrastructure and Personhood in a Papuan New Guinean Hospital. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
———. 2016. “Making People Care.” The Lancet 387 (10016): 333–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00119-7.
———. “Health, Institutions and Governance in Melanesia.” In The Melanesian World, edited by Eric Hirsch and Will Rollason, 300–14. London: Routledge.
Tan, Yvette. 2020. “Cyclone Harold and Coronavirus: Pacific Islands Face Battle on Two Fronts.” BBC News, 15 April 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52268119.
Tanguay, Jamie. 2014. “Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Changing the Way Progress Is Measured in the South Pacific.” Devpolicy Blog (blog), 21 May 2014. http://www.devpolicy.org/alternative-indicators-of-well-being-for-melanesia-changing-the-way-progress-is-measured-in-the-south-pacific-20140521/.
———. 2015. “Alternative Indicators of Wellbeing for Melanesia: Cultural Values Driving Public Policy.” In Making Culture Count: The Politics of Cultural Measurement, edited by Lachlan MacDowall, Marnie Badham, Emma Blomkamp, and Kim Dunphy, 162–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-137-46458-3.
Tarlo, Emma. 2003. Unsettling Memories: Narratives of Emergency in Delhi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Teaiwa, Katerina. 2015. Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
Teman, Elly. 2003. “ ‘Knowing’ the Surrogate Body in Israel.” In Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives, edited by Rachel Cook, Shelley Day-Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, 261–79. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
Thomas, Lynn. 2003. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ticktin, Miriam. 2006. “Where Ethics and Politics Meet: The Violence of Humanitarianism in France.” American Ethnologist 33 (1): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2006.33.1.33.
Tokona, Mavuku. 2019. “VCH Maternity Ward Overhaul Long-Overdue.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 5 March 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/vch-maternity-ward-overhaul-long-overdue/article_c59a50ea-2713-5cbe-bdb6-c3e5a1c248e1.html.
Tonkinson, Robert. 1982. “National Identity and the Problem of Kastom in Vanuatu.” Mankind 13 (4): 306–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1982.tb00996.x.
Tuidraki, Peni. 1957. “New Hebrides Midwife.” Native Medical Practitioner 3 (2): 488–9.
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) 2012. Vanuatu Country Profile http://www.unfpa.org/public/_ns/YWRleGVyby1mZC1wb3J0bGV0OjpkZXhlcm8tZmQtcG9ydGxldDo6LTYyYTZhNDI5OjEyOTk2MDgxYzg3Oi03ZmYxfGVhY3Rpb249MT12aWV3RGF0YVZpZXc_/cache/bypass/appid/310297_1/home/sitemap/countries Last accessed Feb 8, 2013.
———. 2016. State of World Population 2016. New York: UNFPA.
———. 2019. State of Pacific Youth Report 2017. Suva: UNFPA Pacific.
UNICEF. 2013. Vanuatu Statistics. Accessed June 26, 2020. https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vanuatu_statistics.html.
van Hollen, Celia. 2003. Birth on the Threshold: Childbirth and Modernity in South India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
van Trease, Howard. 1987. The Politics of Land in Vanuatu Suva. Suva, FJ: University of the South Pacific Press.
Vanuatu Daily Post. 2020. “Over VT7 Million Donated to VCH Maternity Ward by Pacific Private Bank.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 18 April 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/over-vt7-million-donated-to-vch-maternity-ward-by-pacific-private-bank/article_47705c4a-85e9-11ea-92e9-2780018056ec.html.
———. 2020. “Government to Invest in Shepherd Islands through NDMO and FSAC.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 23 May 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/government-to-invest-in-shepherd-islands-through-ndmo-and-fsac/article_df2ac640-9e0a-11ea-814c-1f5b707e6b00.html.
Vanuatu Department of Laefstok. 2020. “These ‘Jaw-Dropping’ Footage Shows Piles and Piles of Yams” Facebook, 27 May 2020. https://www.facebook.com/groups/126303117967224/permalink/641809973083200/.
Vanuatu Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination Ministry of the Prime Minister. 2011. National Population Policy 2011–2020 Port Vila. Vanuatu: Government of Vanuatu.
VNSO (Vanuatu National Statistics Office). 2016. Post Pam Vanuatu Population and Housing Mini-Census Report, Vol 1. Port Vila: Government of Vanuatu.
———. 2021. Well-Being in Vanuatu 2019–2020 National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) Baseline Survey . Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Andy Calo, Richard Curtain, Simil Johnson, Benuel Lenge, Melanie Nalau, and Jimmy Tamkela. 2012. Youth Monograph: Young People in Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2014. Demographic and Health Survey 2013: Final Report. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Andy Calo, Richard Curtain, Simil Johnson, Benuel Lenge, Melanie Nalau, and Jimmy Tamkela. 2012. Youth Monograph: Young People in Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Christiansen Fund, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Vanuatu Cultural Centre. 2010. Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Changing the Way Progress Is Measured in the South Pacific. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
Wardlow, Holly. 2006. Wayward Women: Sexuality and Agency in a New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2020. Fencing in AIDS: Gender, Vulnerability, and Care in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.94.
Ware, Helen. 2005. “Demography, Migration and Conflict in the Pacific.” Journal of Peace Research 42 (4): 435–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343305054090.
Waring, Marilyn. 1988. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. New York: Harper and Row.
Weiner, Annette B. 1977. “Trobriand Descent: Female/Male Domains.” Ethos 5 (1): 54–70.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2020. “Unmet Need for Family Planning” Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization, accessed 4 June 2020.
https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/3619
https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/6.
———. 1980. “Reproduction: A Replacement for Reciprocity.” American Ethnologist 7 (1): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1980.7.1.02a00050.
Wickramasinghe, Nira. 2015. “Colonial Governmentality and the Political Thinking through ‘1931’ in the Crown Colony of Ceylon/Sri Lanka.” Socio 5:99–114. https://doi.org/10.4000/socio.1921.
Widmer, Alexandra. 2008. “The Effects of Elusive Knowledge: Census, Health Laws and Inconsistently Modern Subjects in Early Colonial Vanuatu.” Journal of Legal Anthropology 1 (1): 92–116. https://doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010105.
———. 2010. “Native Medical Practitioners, Temporality and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 30 (1): 57–80.
———. 2012. “Of Field Encounters and Metropolitan Debates: Research and the Making and Meaning of the Melanesian ‘Race’ during Demographic Decline.” Paideuma 58:69–93.
———. 2013. “Seeing Health Like a Colonial State: Assistant Medical Practitioners and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides.” In Senses and Citizenships: Embodying Political Life, edited by Susanna Trnka, Julie Park, and Christine Dureau, 200–20. New York: Routledge.
———. 2014. “The Imbalanced Sex Ratio and the High Bride Price: Watermarks of Race in Demography, Census, and the Colonial Regulation of Reproduction.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 39 (4): 538–60.
———. 2017 “Making People Countable: Analyzing Paper Trails and the Imperial Census.” In Sources and Methods in histories of Colonialism: Approaching the Imperial Archive, edited by Kirsty Reid and Fiona Paisley, 100–16. London: Routledge.
Willie, Glenda. 2019. “From 15 to 33 Beds at Maternity Ward.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 2 November 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/from-15-to-33-beds-at-maternity-ward/article_65a420c2-fcfd-11e9-81b3-9730bff7808a.html.
World Bank. 2020. “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) – Vanuatu.” World Bank, accessed 8 June 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=VU.
Health and Difference: Rendering Human Variation in Colonial Engagements (First editor, with Veronika Lipphardt). NY: Berghahn Books.
Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources (with Population Knowledge Network). London: Routledge
“Time and the Expert: Temporalities and the Social Life of Expertise” Anthropologica 55(2). (guest edited collection with Jean Mitchell)
“Making People Countable: Analyzing Paper Trails and the Imperial Census” in Approaching the Imperial Archive: Sources and Methods in Histories of Colonialism, Kirsty Reid and Fiona Paisley, eds. Oxford: Routledge Press.
“Colonial Demography: Rationalities, Practices, Discourses” (with Samuël Coghe) in Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, Population Knowledge Network, ed. London: Routledge. pp. 37-64.
“Filtering Demography and Biomedical Technologies: Melanesian Nurses and Global Population Concerns (1920-1970)” in A World of Populations: Transnational Perspectives on Demography in the Twentieth Century, Corinna R. Unger and Heinrich Hartmann, eds. Oxford: Berghahn Press. pp. 222-242.
“Seeing Health Like a Colonial State: Assistant Medical Practitioners and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides” in Senses and Citizenships: Embodying Political Life, S. Trnka, J. Park and C. Dureau, eds. New York: Routledge. pp. 200-220.
“Making Mothers: The Changing Relationships of Birth and Raising Children in Pango Village, Vanuatu” in An Anthropology of Mothering, Michelle Walks and Naomi MacPherson, eds. Bradford: Demeter Press. pp. 102-114.
Widmer, Alexandra. 2021. "Locating low-protein life: post-war colonial nutrition science, subsistence metabolisms and food cultures in the South-Western Pacific Islands," Food, Culture and Society.
“The Imbalanced Sex-Ratio and the High Bride Price: Watermarks of Race in Demography and the Colonial Regulation of Reproduction” Special Issue, “Technologies of Belonging: Biology, Race and Ethnicity in Europe”, Amade M'charek, Katharina Schramm and David Skinner, eds. Science, Technology and Human Values 39(4): 538-560.
“Making Blood ‘Melanesian’: Fieldwork and Isolating Techniques in Genetic Epidemiology (1963–1976)” Special Issue, “Making Human Heredity: Populations, Life Sciences and Public Health in the Post-War Era”, Jenny Bangham and Soraya de Chadarevian, eds. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47(Part A): 118-129.
“Of Temporal Politics and Demographic Anxieties: ‘Young Mothers’ in Demographic Predictions and Social Life in Vanuatu” Anthropologica 55(2): 317-328.
“Diversity as Valued and Troubled: Social Identities and Demographic Categories in understandings of Rapid Urban Growth in Vanuatu” Special Issue “Medical Crises, Diversification and Mainstreaming”, David Parkin, Kristine Krause and Gabriele Alex, eds. Anthropology and Medicine 20(2): 142-159.
“From Research Encounters to Metropolitan Debates: The Making and Meaning of the Melanesian ‘Race’ during Demographic Decline”. Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 58: 69-93
“Native Medical Practitioners, Temporality and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides”. Political and Legal Anthropology Review 30(s1): 57-80.
“The Effects of Elusive Knowledge: Census, Health Laws and Inconsistently Modern Subjects in Early Colonial Vanuatu”. Journal of Legal Anthropology 1(1): 92-116.
Sandra Widmer is an anthropologist of medicine, science, reproduction and nutrition. She has interests in indigeneity and well-being, reproductive justice and the datafication of reproduction, nutrition and health. She explores these in the colonial and postcolonial southwestern Pacific Islands (especially Vanuatu), Canada and online spaces.
I am currently involved in three projects.
In "Moral Figures: Making Reproduction Public in Vanuatu", I look at how figures common to discussions of population size are produced, taken up, and produce new worlds. Figures are both particular social identities and the result of quantifications associated with reproduction. Despite colonial governance and development organizations’ datafication and governance of reproduction in ways that are increasingly financialized and focused on the achievement of wage labour, my book shows how ni-Vanuatu (indigenous citizens of Vanuatu) forms of relationality and land care at the heart of reproduction continue to be sustained and celebrated. Key themes include: colonial intervention on indigenous kinship; indigenous forms of prenatal and birth care; missionaries’ training of indigenous women as midwives; alternative indicators of well-being; teenage pregnancy and social stigma; reproductive justice and land politics.
In my SSHRC funded project “Eating for Trillions: The Social Life of Direct to Consumer (DTC) Microbiome Tests”, I am exploring how the scientific concept of the “human microbiome” is taken up in digital health and food cultures of fermentation. The DTC microbiome test is also a way into understanding the growth of personalized nutrition profiles in precision medicine and the financialization of health in Canada.
In the project “Metabolizing Modernity”, I investigate how scientific understandings of metabolism, nutrition and health are implicated in governance and the laboring body in the southwestern Pacific Islands. I am examining the 1960s work of Australian colonial scientists responsible for nutrition standards of plantation labourers in their Pacific colonies that compared the metabolisms of people living a "subsistence lifestyle” with people working for wages.
Degrees
PhD, York UniversityMA, Dalhousie University
BA, Dalhousie University
Research Interests
Current Research Projects
-
Summary:
This project looks at how Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) microbiome test users in an urban post-industrial context understand their bodies. Analyzing their experiences is significant as a way of understanding the accelerating biologization of human relations in the “postgenomic condition” (Reardon 2017). The microbiome is a term that scientists use to refer to the combined genetic material (the genome) of the microbes in a human body. DTC microbiome tests examine a tiny fraction of the trillions of cells in a human body that belong to microscopic microbes, like bacteria, fungi and viruses (e.g. Paxson 2008; Yong 2016). The tests can be seen as an example of precision medicine, a form of medicine that offers therapeutics optimized with genomic profiling. DTC test companies’ marketing strategies hinge on convincing consumers to purchase their analysis in order to optimize personal wellness. The project combines online ethnography with participant observation with food fermenters in Toronto, as well as interviews with naturopaths and other health professionals, DTC testing company, health food marketers.
The project will also situate DTC test users’ lived experiences of their bodies and frequent experiences of precarity and uncertainty in a wider social and political context o in political economies of North American biotechnology and biomedicine (Lorimer 2017).
Funders:
SSHRC Insight Development Grant
-
Summary:
Pacific Islanders have some of the highest rates of metabolic disease in the world. Often scientists attribute this to genetics and a transition to a processed food diet. My project presents another element in the regional and global history of how researchers understood metabolism at a time when global hunger, not obesity, was a concern. This metabolism research was also a precursor to microbiome research today.
In the 1960s, a team of Australian nutritionists travelled to Papua New Guinea (then an Australian colony) and compared the metabolisms of people who lived a subsistence lifestyle with those who worked for wages in towns, as well as White Australians in Australia. Subsistence livelihoods were of particular interest during the Cold War, as regional institutions, like the South Pacific Commission hoped that Pacific Islanders could transition to wage earners in capitalist economies.
As part of their research, these researchers collected and compared urine, expired air, breast milk and feces. The samples they could not analyze in the field, were sent back to a government lab at the Australian Institute of Anatomy (a leading national institution of the Australian Department of Health) in Canberra for analysis. These researchers cautiously published that in people practicing subsistence livelihoods, they had located gut microflora that would metabolise protein from nitrogen in the air. Their claims suggested that WHO universal standards of protein consumption might need to be changed to allow for differences between populations.
The objective of this research is to use historical methods and social theory to analyze metabolism research in Australian colonial nutrition science in the south western Pacific Islands. Within this 1960s research, I will document the scientific practices of the collection, storage and analysis of Pacific Islanders’ biological materials. I want to understand these technologies measuring metabolism as a means of how scientists calibrated the sexed, raced and age-related embodiment of food and waged or subsistence labour.
All Publications
“Making People Countable: Analyzing Paper Trails and the Imperial Census” in Approaching the Imperial Archive: Sources and Methods in Histories of Colonialism, Kirsty Reid and Fiona Paisley, eds. Oxford: Routledge Press.
“Colonial Demography: Rationalities, Practices, Discourses” (with Samuël Coghe) in Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, Population Knowledge Network, ed. London: Routledge. pp. 37-64.
“Filtering Demography and Biomedical Technologies: Melanesian Nurses and Global Population Concerns (1920-1970)” in A World of Populations: Transnational Perspectives on Demography in the Twentieth Century, Corinna R. Unger and Heinrich Hartmann, eds. Oxford: Berghahn Press. pp. 222-242.
“Seeing Health Like a Colonial State: Assistant Medical Practitioners and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides” in Senses and Citizenships: Embodying Political Life, S. Trnka, J. Park and C. Dureau, eds. New York: Routledge. pp. 200-220.
“Making Mothers: The Changing Relationships of Birth and Raising Children in Pango Village, Vanuatu” in An Anthropology of Mothering, Michelle Walks and Naomi MacPherson, eds. Bradford: Demeter Press. pp. 102-114.
References
Abernethy, Virgina. 1995. “The Demographic Transition Model: A Ghost Story.” Population and Environment 17:3–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208273.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2013. Do Muslim Women Need Saving? London: Harvard University Press.
Adams, Vincanne. 2016a. “Introduction.” In Metrics: What Counts in Global Health, edited by Vincanne Adams, 1–18. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
———, ed. 2016b. Metrics: What Counts in Global Health. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Adelson, Naomi. 2000. “Being Alive Well”: Health and the Politics of Cree Well-Being. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Ahmed, Leila. 1993. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Aldrich, Robert. 1990. The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842–1940. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 1993. France and the South Pacific since 1940. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Alexander, Chloe, and Anna Staley. 2020 “Disaster Capitalism: Coronavirus Crisis Brings Bailouts, Tax Breaks and Lax Environmental Rules to Oilsands.” The Conversation, 29 April 2020. https://theconversation.com/disaster-capitalism-coronavirus-crisis-brings-bailouts-tax-breaks-and-lax-environmental-rules-to-oilsands-135996.
Anand, Nikhil. 2018. “A Public Matter: Water, Hydraulics, Biopolitics.” In The Promise of Infrastructure, edited by Nikhil Anand, Akhil Gupta, and Hannah Appel, 155–74. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Andersen, Barbara. 2016. “Temporal Circuits and Social Triage in a Papua New Guinean Clinic.” Critique of Anthropology 36 (1): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0308275X15617306.
Anderson, Benedict. 2001. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Warwick. 2009. “Modern Sentinel and Colonial Microcosm: At the Philippine General Hospital.” Philippine Studies 57 (2): 153–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634007
Appadurai, Arjun. 1993. “Number in the Colonial Imagination.” In Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, edited by Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer, 314‒39. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Argast, Regula, Corinna Unger, and Alexandra Widmer. 2016. “Twentieth Century Population Thinking: An Introduction.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 1–10. London: Routledge.
Asad, Talal. 1992. “Conscripts of Western Civilization?” In Dialectical Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Stanley Diamond, vol. 1, edited by Christine Gailey, 333–51. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
———. 1996. “Comments on Conversion.” In Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity, edited by Peter van der Veer, 263–75. New York: Routledge.
———. 2002. “Ethnographic Representation, Statistics, and Modern Power.” In From the Margins: Historical Anthropology and Its Futures, edited by Brian Keith Axel, 66–94. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2015. “Vanuatu Court Sentences MPs, Including Former PMs Carcasses and Vohor, to Jail for Corruption.” ABC News, 23 October 2015. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-22/vanuatu-mps-including-moana-carcasses-and-serge-vohor-sentenced/6875566.
Axelson, Per, and Peter Sköld. 2011. Indigenous Peoples and Demography: The Complex Relation between Identity and Statistics. New York: Berghahn Books.
Baker, John R. 1928. “Depopulation in Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides [with Plate XXIV].” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 58 (January): 279–303. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4619534
Bamford, Sandra. 2007. Biology Unmoored: Melanesian Reflections on Life and Biotechnology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bashford, Alison. 2014. Life on Earth: Geopolitics and the World Population Problem. New York: Columbia University Press.
Battaglia, Debbora. 2017. “Aeroponic Gardens and Their Magic: Plants/Persons/Ethics in Suspension.” History and Anthropology 28 (3): 263–92. https://10.1080/02757206.2017.1289935.
Bear, Laura. 2013. “ ‘This Body Is Our Body’: Vishwakarma Puja, the Social Debts of Kinship, and Theologies of Materiality in a Neoliberal Shipyard.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 166–89. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Bear, Laura, Karen Ho, Anna Tsing, and Sylvia Yanagisako. 2015. “Gens: A Feminist Manifesto for the Study of Capitalism.” Theorizing the Contemporary (blog), Society for Cultural Anthropology, 30 March 2015. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/652-gens-a-feminist-manifesto-for-the-study-of-capitalism.
Beasant, John. 1984. The Santo Rebellion: An Imperial Reckoning. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Bedford, Richard D. 1973. New Hebridean Mobility: A Study of Circular Migration. Canberra: Australian National University.
Biehl, Joao. 2005. Vita: Life in a Zone of Social Abandonment. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Biruk, Crystal. 2012. “Seeing Like a Research Project: Producing ‘High-Quality Data’ in AIDS Research in Malawi.” Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 31 (4): 347–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.631960.
———. 2018. Culture and Politics in an African Research World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bjornum, Yasmine. 2020. “ ‘If It Comes, It Will Be a Disaster’: Life in One of the Only Countries without Coronavirus.” The Guardian, 7 April 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/08/if-it-comes-it-will-be-a-disaster-life-in-vanuatu-one-of-the-only-countries-without-coronavirus.
Bledsoe, Caroline H. 2002. Contingent Lives: Fertility, Time, and Aging in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Blundo, Giorgio. 2014. “Seeing Like a State Agent: The Ethnography of Reform in Senegal’s Forestry Services.” In States at Work in West Africa: Dynamics of African Bureaucracies, edited by Thomas Bierschenk and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, 69–89. Boston: Brill.
Boddy, Janice. 2007. Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bolton, Lissant. 2003a. “Gender, Status and Introduced Clothing in Vanuatu.” In Clothing the Pacific, edited by Chloë Colchester, 119–39. Oxford: Berg.
———. 2003b. Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women’s Kastom in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Bonnemaison, Joël. 1976. “Circular Migration and Uncontrolled Migration in the New Hebrides: Proposals for an Effective Urban Migration Policy.” South Pacific Bulletin 26 (4): 7–13.
Bourdy, Genevieve, and Annie Walter. 1992. “Maternity and Medicinal Plants in Vanuatu: The Cycle of Reproduction.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37 (3): 179–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90033-n.
<
Bremner, Brian. 2017. “Final Days of a Tax Haven.” Bloomberg Markets, 15 November 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-11-15/the-final-days-of-a-tax-haven.
Briggs, Laura. 2017. How All Politics Became Reproductive Politics: From Welfare Reform to Foreclosure to Trump. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Broome, André, and Leonard Seabrooke. 2012. “Seeing Like an International Organisation.” New Political Economy 17 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2011.569019.
Brunson, Jan. 2019. “Tool of Economic Development, Metric of Global Health: Promoting Planned Families and Economized Life in Nepal.” Social Science & Medicine(254). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.003.
Brunson, Jan, and Siri Suh. 2020. “Behind the Measures of Maternal and Reproductive Health: Ethnographic Accounts of Inventory and Intervention.” Social Science & Medicine (254). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112730.
Butt, Leslie. 1998. “The Social and Political Life of Infants among the Baliem Valley Dani, Irian Jaya.” PhD diss., McGill University. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses /5h73px75f.
Callaci, Emily. 2020. “On Acknowledgments.” American Historical Review 125 (1): 126–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz938.
Campbell, Ian. 2006. “More Celebrated than Read: The Work of Norma McArthur.” In Texts and Contexts: Reflections in Pacific Islands Historiography, edited by Doug Munro and Brij V. Lal, 98‒110. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Cheer, Joseph M., Keir J. Reeves, and Jennifer H. Laing. 2013. “Tourism and Traditional Culture: Land Diving in Vanuatu.” Annals of Tourism Research 43 (October): 435–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.005.
Coghe, Samuel. 2014. “Population Politics in the Tropics: Demography, Health and Colonial Rule in Portuguese Angola, 1890s–1940s.” PhD diss., European University Institute.
Coghe, Samuel, and Alexandra Widmer. 2015. “Colonial Demography: Discourses, Rationalities, Methods.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 37–64. New York: Routledge.
Cohn, Bernard. 1987. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, Jane, Michelle Z. Rosaldo, and Sylvia Yanagisako. 1992. “Is There a Family? New Anthropological Views.” In Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, edited by Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom, 2nd ed., 31–48. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Cominsky, Sheila. 2016. Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Cummings, Maggie. 2005. “Who Wears the Trousers in Vanuatu?” In Autoethnographies: The Anthropology of Academic Practices, edited by Anne Meneley and Donna J. Young, 51–64. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
———. 2008. “The Trouble with Trousers: Gossip, Kastom, and Sexual Culture in Vanuatu.” In Making Sense of AIDS: Culture, Sexuality and Power in Melanesia, edited by Leslie Butt and Richard Eves, 133–49. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Connelly, Matthew J. 2008. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Córdova, Isabel M. 2017. Pushing in Silence: Modernizing Puerto Rico and the Medicalization of Childbirth. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Davis-Floyd, Robbie. 2004. Birth as an American Rite of Passage. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2017. Ways of Knowing About Birth: Mothers, Midwives, Medicine, and Birth Activism. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Diocese of Melanesia. 1943. “Mothercraft Training and Infant Welfare” http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/solomons1943/.
Doernemann, Maria, and Teresa Huehle. 2016. “Population Problems in Modernization and Development: Positions and Practices.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 142‒72. London: Routledge.
Duclos, Vincent, and Tomas Sanchez Criado. 2020. “Care in Trouble: Ecologies of Support from Below and Beyond”. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 34 (2): 153–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12540.
Erikson, Susan L., 2016. “Metrics and Market Logics of Global Health.” In Metrics: What Counts in Global Health, edited by Vincanne Adams, 147–62. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Eves, Richard. 2019. “ ‘Full Price, Full Body’: Norms, Brideprice and Intimate Partner Violence in Highlands Papua New Guinea.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 21 (12): 1367–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1564937.
Ewart, Richard, and Erin Handley. 2020. “Pacific Nations Vanuatu and PNG Pledge Aid for Australia’s Bushfires.” ABC News, 6 January 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-06/pacific-nations-pledge-aid-for-australias-bushfires/11844008.
Ferdinand, Ursula, and Petra Overath. 2016. “Organizations and Networks of Population Thinking in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 65–89. London: Routledge.
Flexner, James, and Matthew Spriggs. 2017. “When Early Modern Colonialism Comes Late: Historical Archaeology in Vanuatu.” In Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on Early Modern Colonialism in Asia-Pacific. The Southwest Pacific and Oceanian Regions, edited by Maria Cruz Berrocal and Cheng-hwa Tsang, 57–91. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Folbre, Nancy. 2002. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. 1st ed. New York: New Press.
———. 2008. Valuing Children: Rethinking the Economics of the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Forsyth, Miranda. 2009. A Bird that Flies with Two Wings: Kastom and the State Justice Systems in Vanuatu. Canberra: ANU Epress.
Foucault, Michel. 1997. Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. Edited by Paul Rabinow; translated by Robert Hurley. New York: New Press.
Freeman, Edward Alan. 2006. Doctor in Vanuatu. Suva: IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific.
Fuataui, Teuila. 2020. “Coconut Resurgence in Cyclone-Devastated Vanuatu.” The Newsroom, 25 May 2020. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/05/25/1197711/coconut-resurgence-in-cyclone-devastated-vanuatu.
Gambuto, Julio V. 2020. “Prepare for the Ultimate Gaslighting: You Are Not Crazy, My Friends.” Forge, 10 April 2020. https://forge.medium.com/prepare-for-the-ultimate-gaslighting-6a8ce3f0a0e0.
Gardner, Helen. 2013. “Praying for Independence: The Presbyterian Church in the Decolonisation of Vanuatu.” Journal of Pacific History 48 (2): 122–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2013.781761.
Geismar, Haidy. 2013. Treasured Possessions: Indigenous Interventions into Cultural and Intellectual Property. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Government of Vanuatu. 2017. Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan. National Sustainable Development Plan 2016 to 2030, Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. Port Vila: Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination. https://www.gov.vu/images/publications/Vanuatu2030-EN-FINAL-sf.pdf.
———. 2017. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. National Sustainable Development Plan, 2016–2030. Port Vila: Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination. https://www.gov.vu/images/publications/NSDP%20M&E%20Framework.pdf.
Grace, Robert F. 2002. “Population, Public Health and Tubal Ligation in Vanuatu.” Pacific Health Dialog 9 (1): 17–20.
Greenhalgh, Susan, ed. 1995. Situating Fertility: Anthropology and Demographic Inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1996. “The Social Construction of Population Science: An Intellectual, Institutional, and Political History of 20th Century Demography.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 38 (1): 26‒66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500020119.
———. 2008. Just One Child Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregory, Christopher. (1982) 2015. Gifts and Commodities. 2nd ed. London: HAU Books.
Guha, Ambalika. 2018. Colonial Modernities: Midwifery in Bengal, 1860–1947. London: Routledge.
Gunia, Amy. 2020. “This Tiny Nation Has Zero Coronavirus Cases. After a Devastating Cyclone, It’s Refusing Foreign Aid Workers to Keep It That Way.” Time, 17 April 2020. https://time.com/5820382/coronavirus-cyclone-harold-vanuatu/.
Haberkorn, Gerald. 2008. “Pacific Islands’ Population and Development: Facts, Fictions and Follies.” New Zealand Population Review 33 (34): 95–127.
Hacking, Ian. 1993. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2006. “Making Up People.” London Review of Books 28 (16–17): 23‒6.
Harrison, Tom. 1937. Savage Civilization. London: Gollancz.
Hartmann, Betsy. 1995. Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control. Boston: South End Press.
Hartmann, Heinrich, and Corinna R. Unger. 2015. “Family, Sexuality, and Gender.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 115–42.
Hattori, Anne Perez. 2006. “ ‘The Cry of the Little People of Guam’: American Colonialism, Medical Philanthropy, and the Susana Hospital for Chamorro Women 1898–1941.” Health and History 8 (1): 4–26. https://doi.org/10.2307/40111527.
Hawka, Charles. 2019. “50 Years Since Laying of Vila Central Hospital Foundation.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 14 September 2019. https://dailypost.vu/news/50-years-since-laying-of-vila-central-hospital-foundation/article_479080b3-189d-5603-aaf8-3cfc2f799778.html.
Hendrixson, Anne, and Diana Ojeda. 2020. “Population.” Uneven Earth: Where the Ecological Meets the Political, 20 July 2020. http://unevenearth.org/2020/07/population/.
Henley, Megan M. 2015. “Alternative and Authoritative Knowledge: The Role of Certification for Defining Expertise among Doulas.” Social Currents 2 (3): 260–79. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2329496515589851.
Hess, Sabine. 2009. Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hochschild, Arlie. 2012. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Holmes, Teresa. J. 2009. “When Blood Matters: Making Kinship in Colonial Kenya.” In Kinship and Beyond: The Genealogical Model Reconsidered, edited by Sandra C. Bamford and James Leach, 50–83. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hoodfar, Homa, Sheila McDonough, and Sajida Alvi, eds. 2003. The Muslim Veil in North America: Issues and Debate. Toronto: Women’s Press.
Hugo, Graeme. 2009. “Best Practices in Temporary Labour Migration for Development: A Perspective from Asia and the Pacific.” International Migration 47 (5): 23–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00576.x.
Hull, Elizabeth. 2012. “Paperwork and the Contradictions of Accountability in a South African Hospital.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18 (3): 613–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/23321392.
Hull, Matthew. 2012a. “Documents and Bureaucracy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41 (1): 251–67. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104953.
———. 2012b. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hunt, Nancy Rose. 1997. “ ‘Le Bébé En Brousse’: European Women, African Birth Spacing, and Colonial Intervention in Breast Feeding in the Belgian Congo.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 287–321. Oakland: University of California Press.
———. 1999. A Colonial Lexicon: Of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Jackson, A.L. 1972. “Towards Political Awareness in the New Hebrides.” Journal of Pacific History 7 (1): 155‒62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168097
Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. 2008. “Demographic Transitions and Modernity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37:301–15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085138.
Jolly, Margaret. 1987. “The Forgotten Women: A History of Migrant Labour and Gender Relations in Vanuatu.” Oceania: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 58 (2): 119–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1987.tb02265.x.
———. 1991. “ ‘To Save the Girls for Brighter and Better Lives’: Presbyterian Missions and Women in the South of Vanuatu: 1848–1870.” Journal of Pacific History 26 (1): 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349108572645.
———. 1994. Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu. Philadelphia: Harwood.
———. 1996. “ ‘Woman Ikat Raet Long Human Raet O No?’ Women’s Rights, Human Rights and Domestic Violence in Vanuatu.” In The World Upside Down: Feminisms in the Antipodes, special issue, Feminist Review 52 (1): 169–90.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1395780
———. 1997. “Women-Nation-State in Vanuatu: Women as Signs and Subjects in the Discourses of Kastom, Modernity and Christianity.” In Narratives of Nation in the South Pacific, edited by Otto Ton and Nicolas Thomas, 133–62. Amsterdam: Harwood.
———. 1998. “Other Mothers: Maternal ‘Insouciance’ and the Depopulation Debate in Fiji and Vanuatu, 1890–1930.” In Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Post-Colonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly, 177–212. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2001a. “From Darkness to Light? Epidemiologies and Ethnographies of Motherhood in Vanuatu.” In Birthing in the Pacific: Beyond Tradition and Modernity?, edited by Vicki Lukere and Margaret Jolly, 148–77. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2001b. “Infertile States: Person and Collectivity, Region and Nation in the Rhetoric of Pacific Population.” In Borders of Being: Citizenship, Fertility and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Margaret Jolly and Kalpana Ram, 262–306. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
———. 2015. “Braed Praes in Vanuatu: Both Gifts and Commodities?” Gender and Person in Oceania 85 (1): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5074.
Jordan, Brigette. 1993. Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden and the United States. 4th ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
———. 1997. “Authoritative Knowledge and Its Construction.” In Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Robbie E. Davis-Floyd and Carolyn Sargent, 55–79. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Joshua, Jane. 2012. “Vanuatu Population to Hit Half Million by 2050.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 21 February 2012. https://www.dailypost.vu/content/vanuatu-population-hit-half-million-2050.
Kildea, Sue, and Wardaguga, Molly. 2009. “Childbirth in Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women.” In Childbirth across Cultures: Ideas and Practices of Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Postpartum, edited by Helain Selin, 275–86. New York: Springer.
Klein, Naomi. 2020. “Coronavirus Capitalism – and How to Beat It.” YouTube, 16 March 2020. https://youtu.be/niwNTI9Nqd8?t=19.
Kligman, Gail. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Krause, Elizabeth. 2005. A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Krause, Elizabeth L., and Silvia De Zordo. 2012. “Introduction. Ethnography and Biopolitics: Tracing ‘Rationalities’ of Reproduction across the North–South Divide.” Anthropology & Medicine 19 (2): 137–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2012.675050.
Lambek, Michael. 2013. “Kinship, Modernity, and the Immodern.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 252–71. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
———. 2015. The Ethical Condition: Essays on Action, Person, and Value. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Latour, Bruno. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Law, John. 2009. “Seeing Like a Survey.” Cultural Sociology 3 (2): 239–56. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1749975509105533.
Lederman, Rena. 1986. What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Tania. 2007. “Governmentality.” Anthropologica 49 (2): 275–81.
Liamputtong, Pranee, and Somsri Kitisriworapan. 2014. “Authoritative Knowledge, Folk Knowledge, and Antenatal Care in Contemporary Northern Thailand.” In Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand, edited by Pranee Liamputtong, 465–86. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
Lin, Justin Yifu. 2012. “Youth Bulge: A Demographic Dividend or a Demographic Bomb in Developing Countries?” Let’s Talk Development (blog), World Bank, 5 January 2012. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/youth-bulge-a-demographic-dividend-or-a-demographic-bomb-in-developing-countries.
Lind, Craig. 2014. “Why the Future Is Selfish and Could Kill: Contraception and the Future of Paama.” In Pacific Futures: Projects, Politics and Interests, edited by Will Rollason, 71–95. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lindstrom, Lamont. 1990. Knowledge and Power in a South Pacific Society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
———. 2017. “Respek and Other Urban Vila Keywords.” Journal de la Société des Océanistes (144–5):23–36. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.7849.
Livingston, Julie. 2012. Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Lukere, Vicki. 2002. “Native Obstetric Nursing in Fiji.” In Birthing in the Pacific: Beyond Tradition and Modernity?, edited by Vicki Lukere and Margaret Jolly, 100–24. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
MacDonald, Margaret. 2019. “The Image World of Maternal Mortality: Visual Economies of Hope and Aspiration in the Global Campaigns to Reduce Maternal Mortality.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 10 (2): 263–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2019.0013.
Mahmood, Saba. 2001. “Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival.” Cultural Anthropology 16 (2): 202–36. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2001.16.2.202.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1916. “Baloma: The Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 46 (July–December): 353–430. https://doi.org/10.2307/2843398.
Manderson, Lenore. 1996. Sickness and the State: Health and Illness in Colonial Malaya, 1870–1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McArthur, Norma. 1961. Introducing Population Statistics. Published Under the Auspices of the South Pacific Commission and Australian National University, Canberra. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
———. 1967a. Letter to Census Takers. MSS.Archives.2003/1.NHBS 18. Series I. File 140/10 Vol.2, Census (N.H. Enumerators and Supervisors., 1966-1967, Box: C3026840.
———. 1967b. Island Populations of the Pacific. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
McArthur, Norma, and John Yaxley. 1968. Condominium of the New Hebrides: A Report on the First Census of the Population 1967. Sydney: V.C.N. Blight, Govt. Printer.
McArthy, Joe. 2020. “Tiny Island Nation of Vanuatu Pledges Millions to Help Australian Firefighters.” Global Citizen, 8 January 2020. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/vanuatu-pledges-20-million-australia-fires/.
McCann, Carole. 2017. Figuring the Population Bomb: Gender and Demography in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
McDonnell, Siobhan. 2015. “The Land Will Eat You: Land and Sorcery in North Efate, Vanuatu” Talking It Through: Responses to Sorcery and Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia, edited by Miranda Forsyth and Richard Eves, Canberra: ANU Press.
———. 2016. “ ‘My Land, My Life’: Power, Property and Identity in Land Transformations in Vanuatu.” PhD diss., Australia National University.
McKay, Ramah. 2018. Medicine in the Meantime: The Work of Care in Mozambique. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
McKelvie, Stephanie., Leodoro, Basil., Sala, Thomas., Tran, Thach., & Fisher, Jane. 2020. “Prevalence, Patterns, and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women Who Are Pregnant in Sanma Province, Vanuatu.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520969235.
McKinnon, Susan. 2019. “Reading the Contested Forms of Nation through the Contested Forms of Kinship and Marriage.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Kinship, edited by Sandra Bamford, 605–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938.026.
McKinnon, Susan, and Fenella Cannell, eds. 2013. Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
McMenamin, Dorothy. 2009. “Leprosy and Stigma in the South Pacific: Camaraderie in Isolation.” Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury. https://doi.org/10.26021/4476.
McPherson, Naomi M. 2007. “Women, Childbirth and Change in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea.” In Reproduction, Childbearing and Motherhood, edited by Pranee Liamputtong, 127–41. New York: Nova Science.
Merry, Sally Engle. 2016. The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2002. “A Vanishing Act: Tonkinese Migrant Labour in Vanuatu in the Early 20th Century.” Journal of Pacific History 37 (1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223340220139261.
Miller, Graham J. 1978. LIVE: A History of Church Planting in the New Hebrides, to 1880. Book One. Sydney: Committees on Christian Education and Overseas Missions, General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia.
Mitchell, Jean. 2011a.“Engaging Feminist Anthropology in Vanuatu: Local Knowledge and Universal Claims.” Anthropology in Action 18 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2011.180105.
———. 2011b. “ ‘Operation Restore Public Hope’: Youth and the Magic of Modernity in Vanuatu.” Oceania 81 (1): 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00092.x.
———. n.d. “Awakening the Stones: The Niel Performance, Gardens and Transformation in Tanna, Vanuatu.” Manuscript under review.
———. 2021.“ ‘Awakening the Stones’: The Nieri Performance, Gardens and Regeneration in Tanna, Vanuatu.” Anthropological Forum, 31:4, 433-449, DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2021.2004878
Mitchell, Timothy. 2001. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
MNCC (Malvatumauri National Council of Chiefs). 2012. Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Vanuatu Pilot Study Report. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
MNCC (Malvatumauri National Council of Chiefs) and VNSO (Vanuatu National Statistics Office). 2012. “Well-Being in Vanuatu” https://youtu.be/jtnLl1Jp0K0. Accessed June 19, 2021
Mol, Annemarie, Ingunn Moser, and Jeannette Pols. eds. 2010. “Care: Putting Practice into Theory.” In Care in Practice: On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms, edited by Annemarie Mol, Ingunn Moser, and Jeannette Pols, 7–26. Bielefeld, DE: transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/transcript.9783839414477
Mora, Cristina. 2014. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Morgan, Lynn. M., and E.F.S. Roberts. 2012. “Reproductive governance in Latin America.” Anthropology & Medicine 19 (2): 241–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2012.675046.
Murphy, Michelle. 2013. “Distributed Reproduction, Chemical Violence, and Latency.” S&F Online 11 (3). https://sfonline.barnard.edu/life-un-ltd-feminism-bioscience-race/distributed-reproduction-chemical-violence-and-latency/.
———. 2015a. “Reproduction.” In Marxism and Feminism, edited by Shahrzad Mojab, 287–304. New York: Zed Books.
———. 2015b. “Unsettling Care: Troubling Transnational Itineraries of Care in Feminist Health Practices.” Social Studies of Science 45 (5): 717–37. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306312715589136.
———. 2017. The Economization of Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
National Planning and Statistics Office and Condominium Bureau of Statistics [New Hebrides], National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies [France], and National Planning and Statistics Office [Vanuatu]. 1973. Vanuatu Population and Housing Census.
Naupa, Anna. 2017. “Making the Invisible Seen: Putting Women’s Rights on Vanuatu’s Land Reform Agenda.” In Kastom, Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, edited by Siobhan McDonnell, Matthew Allen, and Colin Filer, 305–26. Canberra: ANU Press.
Obituaries Australia. 1984. “McArthur, Norma (?–1984).” Obituaries Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 8 November 2019. http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/mcarthur-norma-677/text678.
Olszynko-Gryn, Jesse. 2014. “Laparoscopy as a Technology of Population Control: A Use-Centered History of Surgical Sterilization.” In A World of Populations: The Production, Transfer, and Application of Demographic Knowledge in the Twentieth Century in Transnational Perspective, edited by Heinrich Hartmann and Corinna R. Unger, 147–77. New York: Berghahn Books.
Pacific Community. n.d.. “Vanuatu (Republic of).” Pacific Community, Statistics for Development Division, accessed 2 June 2020. http://sdd.spc.int/vu.
Pacific Institute of Public Policy. 2011. “Youthquake: Will Melanesian Democracy Be Sunk by Demography?” Discussion paper no. 17. Port Vila: Pacific Institute of Public Policy. http://www.pacificpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/D17-PiPP.pdf.
Pacific Islands Monthly. 1967. “Big Bay Story Brings Land Tiffs into Open.” Pacific Islands Monthly 38, (5): 31–2.
Pala’a, Alesana. 2019. “Pastoral Counselling in a Changing Samoa: Development, Christianity and Relationality.” Sites 16 (1): 95–108. https://doi.org/10.11157/sites-id442.
Philibert, Jean-Marc. 1988. “Women’s Work: A Case Study of Proletarianization of Peri-Urban Villagers in Vanuatu.” Oceania 58 (3): 161–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1988.tb02270.x.
Population and Development Program. 2008. “Ten Reasons to Rethink Overpopulation.” http://popdev.hamshire.edu/projects/dt/40.
Population Knowledge Network. 2016. Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 1–10. London: Routledge.
Porter, Theodore M. (1995) 2020. Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
PPB (Pacific Private Bank). n.d. “About Us.” Pacific Private Bank, accessed 21 April 2020. https://pacificprivatebank.com/about-us/.
Ram, Kalpana, and Margaret Jolly, eds. 1998. Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rapp, Rayna. 1987. “Moral Pioneers: Women, Men and Fetuses on a Frontier of Reproductive Technology.” Women Health 13 (1–2): 101–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v13n01_09.
———. 1992. “Family and Class in Contemporary America: Notes Toward an Understanding of Ideology.” In Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, edited by Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalolm, 25–39. Chicago: Northeastern University Press.
Rawlings, Gregory E. 1999a. “Foundations of Urbanization: Port Vila Town and Pango Village, Vanuatu.” Oceania 70 (1): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1999.tb02990.x.
———. 1999b. “Villages, Islands and Tax Havens: The Global/Local Implications of a Financial Entrepot in Vanuatu.” Canberra Anthropology 22 (2): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/03149099909508347.
———. 2002. “ ‘Once There Was a Garden, Now There Is a Swimming Pool”: Inequality, Labour and Land in Pango, a Peri-urban Village in Vanuatu.” PhD diss., Australian National University.
———. 2004. “Laws, Liquidity and Eurobonds: The Making of the Vanuatu Tax Haven.” Journal of Pacific History 39 (3): 325–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334042000290388.
———. 2019. “Stateless Persons, Eligible Citizens and protected Places: The British Nationality Act in Vanuatu.” Twentieth Century British History 30 (1): 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwy011.
Razak, Iskhandar, and Graeme Hugo. 2012. “Population Pressure Could Cause ‘Melanesian Spring’: Demographer.” Radio Australia (ABC). Accessed February 8, 2013. http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/pacific-beat/population-pressure-could-cause-melanesian-spring-demographer/1025884.
Reinecke, Christiane. 2016. “Population in Space: Migration, Geopolitics, and Urbanization.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 90–114. London: Routledge.
Rio, Knut. 2002. “The Sorcerer as an Absented Third Person: Formations of Fear and Anger in Vanuatu.” Social Analysis 46(3): 129–54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23170170 .
Riou, Virginie. 2010. Trajectoires pseudo-coloniales. Les Français du condominium franco-anglais des ex Nouvelles-Hébrides (Vanuatu) de la fin du XIXe siècle à l’entre deux guerres. PhD diss., L’École des hautes études en sciences sociales.
Rivers, William Halse Rivers 1922. Essays on the Depopulation of Melanesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, Elizabeth F.S. 2012. God’s Laboratory: Assisted Reproduction in the Andes. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2013. “Assisted Existence: An Ethnography of Being in Ecuador.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19 (3): 562–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12050.
———. 2015. “Reproduction and Cultural Anthropology.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20: 450–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12239-1.
Robertson, Thomas. 2016. “Natural Resources, Environment and Population.” In Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary Sources, edited by the Population Knowledge Network, 210–35. London: Routledge.
Robinson-Drawbridge, Benjamin. 2020. “As If a Bomb Went off.” Radio New Zealand International, 15 April 2020. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414299/as-if-it-was-bombed-vanuatu-s-pentecost-devastated-by-cyclone-harold.
Rodman, Margaret. 1987. Masters of Tradition: Consequences of Customary Land Tenure in Longana, Vanuatu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
———. 2001. Houses Far from Home: British Colonial Space in the New Hebrides. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2003. “The Heart in the Archives: Colonial Contestation of Desire and Fear in the New Hebrides, 1993.” Journal of Pacific History 38 (3): 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334032000154056.
Rodman, Margaret, Daniela Kraemer, Lissant Bolton, and Jean Tarisesei, eds. 2007. House-Girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Rodríguez-Muñiz, Michael. 2017. “Cultivating Consent: Nonstate Leaders and the Orchestration of State Legibility.” American Journal of Sociology 123:385–425. https://doi.org/10.1086/693045.
Rousseau, Benedicta, and John P. Taylor. 2012. “Kastom Ekonomi and the Subject of Self-Reliance: Differentiating Development in Vanuatu.” In Differentiating Development: Beyond an Anthropology of Critique, edited by Soumhya Venkatesan and Thomas Yarrow, 169–86. New York: Berghahn Books.
Sanger, Margaret, ed. 1927. World Population Conference Proceedings. London: Edward Arnold.
Sasser, Jade. S. 2018. On Infertile Ground: Population Control and Women’s Rights in the Era of Climate Change. New York: New York University Press.
Scherz, China. 2018. “Enduring the Awkward Embrace: Ontology and Ethical Work in a Ugandan Convent.” American Anthropologist 120 (1):102–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12968.
Scott, David. 1995. “Colonial Governmentality.” Social Text 43 (Autumn): 191–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/466631.
———. 2004. Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Selwyn Foundation. 2017. “Betty Pyatt Apartments.” Selwyn Foundation, accessed 12 April 2020. https://www.selwynfoundation.org.nz/villages/independent-living/selwyn-village/living-options/betty-pyatt-apartments/.
Sénat Francais. n.d. “Le Vanuatu: Survivance de la Francophonie dans un archipel du Pacifique du Sud.” Sénat.fr, accessed 9 March 2020. https://www.senat.fr/ga/ga33/ga332.html.
Servy, Alice. 2018. “L’approche « Abstinence, Be Faithful, Use a Condom » au Vanuatu: Traduire une politique d’éducation à la sexualité globalisée.” Autrepart 86 (2): 43–59. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.086.0043.
———. 2020. “ ‘We’ve Paid Your Vagina to Make Children!ʼ: Bridewealth and Women’s Marital and Reproductive Autonomy in Port-Vila, Vanuatu.” Oceania 90 (3): 292–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5280.
Shever, Elana. 2013. “ ‘I Am a Petroleum Product’: Making Kinship Work on the Patagonian Frontier.” In Vital Relations: Modernity and the Persistent Life of Kinship, edited by Susan McKinnon and Fenella Cannell, 99–119. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Simpson, Audra. 2014. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life across the Borders of Settler States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Solway, Richard. 1990. Demography and Degeneration: Eugenics and the Declining Birthrate in Twentieth-Century Britain. Durham: University of North Carolina Press.
Speiser, Felix. 1913. Two Years with the Natives in the Western Pacific. London: Mills and Boon.
———. (1923) 1996. Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early 20th Century Study. Bathurst, UK: Crawford House.
Spriggs, Matthew. 1997. The Island Melanesians. Oxford: Blackwell.
———. 2007. “Population in a Vegetable Kingdom. Aneityum Island (Vanuatu) At European Contact in 1830.” In The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies, edited by Patrick Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu, 278–305. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai’i.
Smith, Thomas Richard. 1972. South Pacific Commission: An Analysis after Twenty-Five Years. Wellington: Price Milburn for the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs.
Southern Cross. 1950. Medical Work in Melanesia: The Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. Southern Cross Booklet no. 7. Oxford: Church Army Press. Project Canterbury. http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/sx_booklet7.html.
Pacific Community. 2017. “Mary Kalsrap.” South Pacific Development. October 2017. http://www.spc.int/70-inspiring-pacific-women/mary-kalsrap/.
Stevens, Kate. 2017. “ ‘The Law of the New Hebrides Is the Protector of Their Lawlessness’: Justice, Race and Colonial Rivalry in the Early Anglo-French Condominium.” Law and History Review 35 (3): 595–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0738248017000293.
Stoler, Ann Laura. 2002a. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2002b. “Colonial Archives and the Arts of Governance.” Archival Science 2 (1–2): 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435632.
———. 2010. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Street, Alice. 2014. Biomedicine in an Unstable Place: Infrastructure and Personhood in a Papuan New Guinean Hospital. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
———. 2016. “Making People Care.” The Lancet 387 (10016): 333–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00119-7.
———. “Health, Institutions and Governance in Melanesia.” In The Melanesian World, edited by Eric Hirsch and Will Rollason, 300–14. London: Routledge.
Tan, Yvette. 2020. “Cyclone Harold and Coronavirus: Pacific Islands Face Battle on Two Fronts.” BBC News, 15 April 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52268119.
Tanguay, Jamie. 2014. “Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Changing the Way Progress Is Measured in the South Pacific.” Devpolicy Blog (blog), 21 May 2014. http://www.devpolicy.org/alternative-indicators-of-well-being-for-melanesia-changing-the-way-progress-is-measured-in-the-south-pacific-20140521/.
———. 2015. “Alternative Indicators of Wellbeing for Melanesia: Cultural Values Driving Public Policy.” In Making Culture Count: The Politics of Cultural Measurement, edited by Lachlan MacDowall, Marnie Badham, Emma Blomkamp, and Kim Dunphy, 162–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-137-46458-3.
Tarlo, Emma. 2003. Unsettling Memories: Narratives of Emergency in Delhi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Teaiwa, Katerina. 2015. Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
Teman, Elly. 2003. “ ‘Knowing’ the Surrogate Body in Israel.” In Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives, edited by Rachel Cook, Shelley Day-Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, 261–79. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
Thomas, Lynn. 2003. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ticktin, Miriam. 2006. “Where Ethics and Politics Meet: The Violence of Humanitarianism in France.” American Ethnologist 33 (1): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2006.33.1.33.
Tokona, Mavuku. 2019. “VCH Maternity Ward Overhaul Long-Overdue.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 5 March 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/vch-maternity-ward-overhaul-long-overdue/article_c59a50ea-2713-5cbe-bdb6-c3e5a1c248e1.html.
Tonkinson, Robert. 1982. “National Identity and the Problem of Kastom in Vanuatu.” Mankind 13 (4): 306–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1982.tb00996.x.
Tuidraki, Peni. 1957. “New Hebrides Midwife.” Native Medical Practitioner 3 (2): 488–9.
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) 2012. Vanuatu Country Profile http://www.unfpa.org/public/_ns/YWRleGVyby1mZC1wb3J0bGV0OjpkZXhlcm8tZmQtcG9ydGxldDo6LTYyYTZhNDI5OjEyOTk2MDgxYzg3Oi03ZmYxfGVhY3Rpb249MT12aWV3RGF0YVZpZXc_/cache/bypass/appid/310297_1/home/sitemap/countries Last accessed Feb 8, 2013.
———. 2016. State of World Population 2016. New York: UNFPA.
———. 2019. State of Pacific Youth Report 2017. Suva: UNFPA Pacific.
UNICEF. 2013. Vanuatu Statistics. Accessed June 26, 2020. https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vanuatu_statistics.html.
van Hollen, Celia. 2003. Birth on the Threshold: Childbirth and Modernity in South India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
van Trease, Howard. 1987. The Politics of Land in Vanuatu Suva. Suva, FJ: University of the South Pacific Press.
Vanuatu Daily Post. 2020. “Over VT7 Million Donated to VCH Maternity Ward by Pacific Private Bank.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 18 April 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/over-vt7-million-donated-to-vch-maternity-ward-by-pacific-private-bank/article_47705c4a-85e9-11ea-92e9-2780018056ec.html.
———. 2020. “Government to Invest in Shepherd Islands through NDMO and FSAC.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 23 May 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/government-to-invest-in-shepherd-islands-through-ndmo-and-fsac/article_df2ac640-9e0a-11ea-814c-1f5b707e6b00.html.
Vanuatu Department of Laefstok. 2020. “These ‘Jaw-Dropping’ Footage Shows Piles and Piles of Yams” Facebook, 27 May 2020. https://www.facebook.com/groups/126303117967224/permalink/641809973083200/.
Vanuatu Department of Strategic Policy, Planning and Aid Coordination Ministry of the Prime Minister. 2011. National Population Policy 2011–2020 Port Vila. Vanuatu: Government of Vanuatu.
VNSO (Vanuatu National Statistics Office). 2016. Post Pam Vanuatu Population and Housing Mini-Census Report, Vol 1. Port Vila: Government of Vanuatu.
———. 2021. Well-Being in Vanuatu 2019–2020 National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) Baseline Survey . Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Andy Calo, Richard Curtain, Simil Johnson, Benuel Lenge, Melanie Nalau, and Jimmy Tamkela. 2012. Youth Monograph: Young People in Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2014. Demographic and Health Survey 2013: Final Report. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Andy Calo, Richard Curtain, Simil Johnson, Benuel Lenge, Melanie Nalau, and Jimmy Tamkela. 2012. Youth Monograph: Young People in Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
VNSO, Christiansen Fund, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Vanuatu Cultural Centre. 2010. Alternative Indicators of Well-Being for Melanesia: Changing the Way Progress Is Measured in the South Pacific. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistics Office.
Wardlow, Holly. 2006. Wayward Women: Sexuality and Agency in a New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
———. 2020. Fencing in AIDS: Gender, Vulnerability, and Care in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.94.
Ware, Helen. 2005. “Demography, Migration and Conflict in the Pacific.” Journal of Peace Research 42 (4): 435–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343305054090.
Waring, Marilyn. 1988. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. New York: Harper and Row.
Weiner, Annette B. 1977. “Trobriand Descent: Female/Male Domains.” Ethos 5 (1): 54–70.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2020. “Unmet Need for Family Planning” Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization, accessed 4 June 2020.
https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/3619
https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/6.
———. 1980. “Reproduction: A Replacement for Reciprocity.” American Ethnologist 7 (1): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1980.7.1.02a00050.
Wickramasinghe, Nira. 2015. “Colonial Governmentality and the Political Thinking through ‘1931’ in the Crown Colony of Ceylon/Sri Lanka.” Socio 5:99–114. https://doi.org/10.4000/socio.1921.
Widmer, Alexandra. 2008. “The Effects of Elusive Knowledge: Census, Health Laws and Inconsistently Modern Subjects in Early Colonial Vanuatu.” Journal of Legal Anthropology 1 (1): 92–116. https://doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010105.
———. 2010. “Native Medical Practitioners, Temporality and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 30 (1): 57–80.
———. 2012. “Of Field Encounters and Metropolitan Debates: Research and the Making and Meaning of the Melanesian ‘Race’ during Demographic Decline.” Paideuma 58:69–93.
———. 2013. “Seeing Health Like a Colonial State: Assistant Medical Practitioners and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides.” In Senses and Citizenships: Embodying Political Life, edited by Susanna Trnka, Julie Park, and Christine Dureau, 200–20. New York: Routledge.
———. 2014. “The Imbalanced Sex Ratio and the High Bride Price: Watermarks of Race in Demography, Census, and the Colonial Regulation of Reproduction.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 39 (4): 538–60.
———. 2017 “Making People Countable: Analyzing Paper Trails and the Imperial Census.” In Sources and Methods in histories of Colonialism: Approaching the Imperial Archive, edited by Kirsty Reid and Fiona Paisley, 100–16. London: Routledge.
Willie, Glenda. 2019. “From 15 to 33 Beds at Maternity Ward.” Vanuatu Daily Post, 2 November 2020. https://dailypost.vu/news/from-15-to-33-beds-at-maternity-ward/article_65a420c2-fcfd-11e9-81b3-9730bff7808a.html.
World Bank. 2020. “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) – Vanuatu.” World Bank, accessed 8 June 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=VU.
Health and Difference: Rendering Human Variation in Colonial Engagements (First editor, with Veronika Lipphardt). NY: Berghahn Books.
Twentieth Century Population Thinking: A Critical Reader of Primary and Secondary Sources (with Population Knowledge Network). London: Routledge
“Time and the Expert: Temporalities and the Social Life of Expertise” Anthropologica 55(2). (guest edited collection with Jean Mitchell)
Widmer, Alexandra. 2021. "Locating low-protein life: post-war colonial nutrition science, subsistence metabolisms and food cultures in the South-Western Pacific Islands," Food, Culture and Society.
“The Imbalanced Sex-Ratio and the High Bride Price: Watermarks of Race in Demography and the Colonial Regulation of Reproduction” Special Issue, “Technologies of Belonging: Biology, Race and Ethnicity in Europe”, Amade M'charek, Katharina Schramm and David Skinner, eds. Science, Technology and Human Values 39(4): 538-560.
“Making Blood ‘Melanesian’: Fieldwork and Isolating Techniques in Genetic Epidemiology (1963–1976)” Special Issue, “Making Human Heredity: Populations, Life Sciences and Public Health in the Post-War Era”, Jenny Bangham and Soraya de Chadarevian, eds. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47(Part A): 118-129.
“Of Temporal Politics and Demographic Anxieties: ‘Young Mothers’ in Demographic Predictions and Social Life in Vanuatu” Anthropologica 55(2): 317-328.
“Diversity as Valued and Troubled: Social Identities and Demographic Categories in understandings of Rapid Urban Growth in Vanuatu” Special Issue “Medical Crises, Diversification and Mainstreaming”, David Parkin, Kristine Krause and Gabriele Alex, eds. Anthropology and Medicine 20(2): 142-159.
“From Research Encounters to Metropolitan Debates: The Making and Meaning of the Melanesian ‘Race’ during Demographic Decline”. Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 58: 69-93
“Native Medical Practitioners, Temporality and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides”. Political and Legal Anthropology Review 30(s1): 57-80.
“The Effects of Elusive Knowledge: Census, Health Laws and Inconsistently Modern Subjects in Early Colonial Vanuatu”. Journal of Legal Anthropology 1(1): 92-116.
